Masume Zarei
Abstract
Color terms and color naming is a matter that has frequently drawn the attention of the linguists. Human eyes can identify more than seven million colors. Languages in different cultures have tried to represent lexically a range of them. Color terms and their typology is considered as one of the pivotal ...
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Color terms and color naming is a matter that has frequently drawn the attention of the linguists. Human eyes can identify more than seven million colors. Languages in different cultures have tried to represent lexically a range of them. Color terms and their typology is considered as one of the pivotal studies in recent decades. While there are Persian words for the colors, each year, due to inaccessibility, several non-Persian color terms enter this language. This article is aimed at representing a list of Persian color terms, studying their morphological structure, their localization and enrichment of Persian language and culture. More than sixteen hundred color terms have been collected by the writer. These terms can be divided into simple and complex words. Only 2.74% of Persian color terms are simple and 97.26% of them have complex structure. Persian speakers create color terms through suffixation and syntactic processes. 50.50% of complex color terms have derivational structure and the remaining 46.76% are compound. Derivation and compounding are the most productive and frequent processes in the formation of Persian color terms.
Abdullah ezzat doust; Mojtaba Monshizadeh; Hayat Ameri
Abstract
This present research studies ergativity in the Taleshi dialect. This dialect is spoken in some parts of Guilan and appears in three main different types including Central, Northern, and Southern. The type of dialect surveyed in this article is the southern one. It is spoken in Sehsar village. The data ...
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This present research studies ergativity in the Taleshi dialect. This dialect is spoken in some parts of Guilan and appears in three main different types including Central, Northern, and Southern. The type of dialect surveyed in this article is the southern one. It is spoken in Sehsar village. The data are collected in a field study and by interviewing thirty native speakers of this dialect. Ergativity is a grammatical pattern in which the subject of an intransitive clause is treated in the same way as the object of a transitive clause, and differently from the transitive subject. This dialect follows a split-ergative system. This means that, in a present clause, it takes advantage of the nominative-accusative pattern, hence in a past transitive clause it takes advantage of the ergative-absolutive pattern. This research has been done to answer these questions: Is the ergative marker -i the only indicator of ergativity and ergative constructions in this dialect? Which constructions can be considered ergative ones? And on what factors is ergativity based on? After surveying language witnesses of this dialect, these findings have been achieved: Ergativity is not limited only to ergative marker -i , but oblique pronouns and plural nouns ending with -un in a transitive clause and past tense as well as perfect aspect can be the other indicators of ergative constructions. And finally, ergativity is based on past tense and perfect aspect.
Pooneh Abedin; Mohammad Dabirmoghadam
Abstract
Mood in a general sense, is the way the speaker utters and expresses the meaning of the sentence and illustrates how the event has occurred from the speaker's perspective. There are tools for expressing Mood in all languages of the world, including verbal mood, modal verbs, modal adverbs, and adjectives. ...
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Mood in a general sense, is the way the speaker utters and expresses the meaning of the sentence and illustrates how the event has occurred from the speaker's perspective. There are tools for expressing Mood in all languages of the world, including verbal mood, modal verbs, modal adverbs, and adjectives. Among the means of expressing the mood, the verbal mood is of particular importance because in expressing the concept of a proposition the burden is on the main verb. In this paper, the representation of verbal mood in the introduction to Abu Mansouri's Shahnameh is studied within the comments and Segmentation of Khanlari (1353 Volume II) and Halliday's Functional Grammar theoretical foundations (Halliday and Matthiessen 2014). This study shows that, despite the distinction between the two approaches, the verbal mood is represented through the verbal stem, based on tense (past and present) and the elements used in verb inflection (pre and post-verb elements). The differences between the two approaches will also be expressed in terms of the representation of Mood in Persian, including incompatibility in the non-indicative mood (subjunctive and injunctive) subscale.
Nayereh joodi
Abstract
This study attempted to answer the following questions: "Which constructions in Persian correspond to the conventional definition of sentences with the garden path effect? Moreover, based on the ideas of sentence processing, how these constructions can be classified in Persian?” Firstly, this paper ...
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This study attempted to answer the following questions: "Which constructions in Persian correspond to the conventional definition of sentences with the garden path effect? Moreover, based on the ideas of sentence processing, how these constructions can be classified in Persian?” Firstly, this paper described garden path sentences in English and introduced theoretical concepts and patterns related to sentence processing. After the examination of ambiguity and more particularly structural ambiguity, it was concluded that the Persian language has structures that match the English definition of the garden path sentences. Furthermore, structural ambiguity can also be considered as a type of sentence with the garden path effect. On the whole, Persian garden path sentences can be divided into two types: those with one correct grammatical reading and those with more than one reading due to syntactic or semantic reasons. Using the ideas from the field of sentence processing, it appears that the effective factors causing the garden path effect in Persian sentences are similar to those that yield this effect in English sentences. Finally, we argued for the importance of speech prosody and punctuation to eliminate ambiguities from written sentences.Keywords: syntactic processing, Garden path sentences, ambiguity, punctuation, prosody
Reza Morad Sahraee; Shohrehalsadat Sajjadi; Shiva Majidi; Amirhossein Mojiri
Abstract
Corona is a phenomenon that the living human being has not experienced before, and it happens so suddenly that it causes the closure of Persian language classes in the world. There are 14 Lebanese students studying at the Center of Teaching Persian to Speakers of Other Languages at Allameh Tabataba'i ...
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Corona is a phenomenon that the living human being has not experienced before, and it happens so suddenly that it causes the closure of Persian language classes in the world. There are 14 Lebanese students studying at the Center of Teaching Persian to Speakers of Other Languages at Allameh Tabataba'i University, who were getting ready to attend academic study in Iranian universities for the year 1399. They have spent half of their Persian-learning course in face-to-face classes where they have encountered Coronavirus problems. In order to solve their problem, Azfa center has shifted their class to virtual online classes. This article reports the result of the virtual Persian classes that took place in this center. The question of this research is: Whether virtual online classes can be replaced with face-to-face education in emergency conditions? The results showed that the rate of language learners' progress in Coronavirus epidemic conditions (virtual education) was not significantly different from face-to-face teaching. Lebanese learners were also largely satisfied with learning Persian virtually. It can be concluded that in emergency situations, the web platform can be used for language teaching. In order to answer the question of the research, we have used students' progress tests and compared the grades of face-to-face classes with virtual online classes and also used a researcher-made questionnaire to measure students' satisfaction.
Habib Gowhari; Forugh Asadi
Abstract
This study is intended to gauge and describe the role of the Kurdish linguistic element (-ow) in a coding object in southern Kurdish. This study is descriptive-analytic in which the data are collected from native speakers through interviews and natural conversations. Based on the linguistic distribution ...
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This study is intended to gauge and describe the role of the Kurdish linguistic element (-ow) in a coding object in southern Kurdish. This study is descriptive-analytic in which the data are collected from native speakers through interviews and natural conversations. Based on the linguistic distribution and the provided arguments in this paper, this linguistic element is named an object-marker enclitic. Analyzing the employed data indicates that this object-marker enclitic has, apparently, various roles. It is mainly accompanied by transitive verbs, however, it is found to accompany intransitive verbs as well. As for its distribution, it can both follow and precede object pronominal clitics. However, in a few cases, it is even prefixed to the verb. In terms of its meaning, it has a clear content meaning cross-referencing object in terms of person and number, though it has a fixed form (-ow). It can accompany many simple and complex verbs, though its presence is blocked by many other verbs. It can cross-reference to both definite and indefinite objects. Therefore, it is not sensitive to information distribution. In general, it has various roles of which object-marking and object-doubling are emphasized in this study.
Abdolhossein Heydari; Malek Panahi
Abstract
The present paper was an attempt to study the effect of the Persian lexicon on the students’ English NP production in speech production levels. The data were collected from the senior high school students' English speech. The research method is descriptive-analytic. At first 210 errors were classified ...
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The present paper was an attempt to study the effect of the Persian lexicon on the students’ English NP production in speech production levels. The data were collected from the senior high school students' English speech. The research method is descriptive-analytic. At first 210 errors were classified into 6 groups and then they were analyzed according to principles and hypotheses offered in speech production stages. Persian grammatical features in the students’ utterances show that Persian lexemes have been selected in speech production stages because grammatical processing is the direct consequence of lexical selection. It was found that the activation coming from the conceptual level has been spread to the phonological segments of Persian lexemes according to phonological activation models. So Persian lexicon has been active in forming the surface structure of the students’ utterances. English lexemes associated with corresponding Persian ones in surface structure have been selected from the English lexicon before utterance articulation. The study results are in line with the word association model which assumes L2 words are associated with L1 words and through L1 mediation can L2 words gain access to concepts at early L2 learning.
Haj Bibi Naderan; Morteza Zare Beromi
Abstract
The analysis of the meanings of the preposition “الباء” and its translation in Surah Al-Imran identifies two basic principles related to the types of languages: First, we translate but we do not fully comprehend the source and target languages (the communicative original); second, languages ...
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The analysis of the meanings of the preposition “الباء” and its translation in Surah Al-Imran identifies two basic principles related to the types of languages: First, we translate but we do not fully comprehend the source and target languages (the communicative original); second, languages collide in the translation process (linguistic origin), and the third principle (which is the different translations) should be added to the two principles of communicative and linguistic. For example, The Persian language provides 26 meanings in the Preposition “به” Against the 16 meanings of the Preposition “الباء” -no self-sacrifice- (and in this research, eight new meanings were added to those 16 meanings). Therefore, it is imperative that the translators of the Quran (including the translators mentioned in this study, Ayati, Safavi, Mojtabavi and Makarem) understand Persian and Arabic; undoubtedly, knowing the mother tongue means knowing the potential of other languages. The results showed that the meanings of the prepositions of Surah Al-Imran have a significant effect on the quality of translation from native language to native language and from native language to foreign languages, because these prepositions create different meanings in the Quran context, and they are an influential factor in different translations. This point and the difference between linguistic and non-linguistic knowledge of translators has caused translations of the Quran to be presented in different qualities. The research method is descriptive analytical and statistical analytical. This research is necessary because the meanings of the prepositions have a significant effect on the quality of translations.
Seyede Sahar Javid; Jalal Rahimian; Amirsaeid Moloodi; Alireza Khormaee
Abstract
The present study aims at examining the possible relation between metaphor and impoliteness in the context of interpersonal media gossip. To this end, we collected data related to 20 celebrities (10 actors and 10 actresses) regarding 60 linguistic situations that occurred from August 2018 to April 2020. ...
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The present study aims at examining the possible relation between metaphor and impoliteness in the context of interpersonal media gossip. To this end, we collected data related to 20 celebrities (10 actors and 10 actresses) regarding 60 linguistic situations that occurred from August 2018 to April 2020. Words under examination were 51449. According to the findings of the study, human conceptualization based on source domains such as shit/ animal waste matter, useless things, cartoon/ fictional characters, useless money, dirty substance, imaginary/ metaphysical beings, mushroom, bread, weekdays, fat, and disease/blight were accompanied by impoliteness. These findings justify the role of impoliteness in confirming the direct relation between metaphor and impoliteness to the extent that human is considered as one of the above domains. Interpersonal media gossip prepares the grounds for the use of 345 metaphors along with impoliteness which has its roots in special features of this type of gossip. Among all source domains, concepts such as shit/ animal waste matter are of the highest frequencies. Among impoliteness strategies related to naming, one must point to the negative impoliteness sub-strategy. Language users attempt to hurt the positive face of people from themselves by using positive impoliteness.
Mhammad Hadi Fallahi; Marzieh Yarizadeh
Abstract
The aim of this research was to study language functions of the right hemisphere of the brain in the left hemisphere–damaged patients and compare them with healthy people. In this research, which is kind of Descriptive-Analytical, upon random sampling, two groups of the left hemisphere–damaged ...
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The aim of this research was to study language functions of the right hemisphere of the brain in the left hemisphere–damaged patients and compare them with healthy people. In this research, which is kind of Descriptive-Analytical, upon random sampling, two groups of the left hemisphere–damaged patients (20 men &10 women) were selected among people referred to Imam Reza Neuro Clinic, as well as 30 healthy people. Then tests of Right Hemisphere Language Collection (Brian, 1995) and test of Application Acts &Competency of Language (Mehri, 1381) were used, to compare patients' language functions with those of healthy people. The results of the research were analyzed. Analysis of data includes two parts: Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics. The results of the research show that there are no significant differences between healthy and damaged people in view of sex, but there are significant differences between healthy and damaged people in 1-Metaphire test, 2-Written Metaphor test, 3-Comprehension of inferred meaning, 4-Appreciation of humor, 5-Lexical-semantic test, 6-Methapor production test, 7-Written proverb test, 8-Proverb production test, 9-Indirect speech acts test. These results indicate that abilities are not specific to the right hemisphere because people whose left hemisphere is damaged suffer from these disorders, too.
mohammad sahebi; Navid Firuzi
Abstract
Khafi is one of the dialects of Persian which is common in the city of Khaf (situated in Khorasan Province). The Dialect has a number of differences from Standard Persian regarding phonetics, phonology, and morphology. In this article, simple vowels in the Khafi dialect are described and categorized ...
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Khafi is one of the dialects of Persian which is common in the city of Khaf (situated in Khorasan Province). The Dialect has a number of differences from Standard Persian regarding phonetics, phonology, and morphology. In this article, simple vowels in the Khafi dialect are described and categorized through minimal pairs and according to generative phonological theory. In order to study and perform an accurate and quantitative comparison, an acoustic experiment is carried out involving eight male speakers in the city of Khaf and within the framework of Source-Filter theory, the acoustic features of these vowels are studied and measured in an unstressed open syllable. In this article, first of all, the average frequency of first and second formants (quality acoustic correlates) of simple vowels in Khafi and Standard Persian are presented on the hertz scale and the average duration of these vowels is presented according to the millisecond, then the quantitative difference of acoustic features of the vowels in Khafi from Standard Persian is measured according to percentage and the results are analyzed. Acoustic vowel space in the Khafi dialect is drawn. In order to study these vowels concerning auditory, the quantity of first and second formants are changed from hertz to auditory and non-linear Bark measurement and are shown in a table then based on these numbers and in order to study the similarities and differences more accurately, Euclidean distance of the vowels in Khafi with the vowels in Standard Persian are calculated.
Farzad Baloo
Abstract
Saussure, the founder of the new linguistics, opened a new chapter in the contemplation of language and influenced the different intellectual and linguistic currents of the 20th century. Gadamer, on the other hand, is the most important figure of philosophical hermeneutics who, by putting language at ...
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Saussure, the founder of the new linguistics, opened a new chapter in the contemplation of language and influenced the different intellectual and linguistic currents of the 20th century. Gadamer, on the other hand, is the most important figure of philosophical hermeneutics who, by putting language at the center of it, has come up with a new scheme of understanding the event. Since these two thinkers have analyzed and discussed common themes around language In this research, we aim to design and compare Saussure and Gadamer's linguistic views on topics such as: The nature of language, the sign of language, the instrumentality or non-existence of language, human society (tradition) and language, Lange and Parol, definition and status of symbols,, speech and writing, diachrony or . or synchrony studies of language, etc. Illustrate the similarities and differences of their views and open new horizons in linguistic contemplation with linguistic and philosophical perspectives
Elham Khodaee; Mandana Nourbakhsh
Abstract
Minjaee is the general name of some dialects of Luri that are known as Khorramabadi, Balageriveie, Silakhori, Boroujerdi, Malayeri, and so on. This study presents the acoustic parameters such as the first formant frequency and second formant frequency of Minjaee Luri monophthongs. As well it aims at ...
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Minjaee is the general name of some dialects of Luri that are known as Khorramabadi, Balageriveie, Silakhori, Boroujerdi, Malayeri, and so on. This study presents the acoustic parameters such as the first formant frequency and second formant frequency of Minjaee Luri monophthongs. As well it aims at studying the effect of gender and syllable (open and close) on these parameters. Finally, it is possible to obtain the vowel space diagram of Khorramabadi and Balageriveie dialects. The acoustic parameters of Minjaee Luri vowels /i/, /ɪ/, /ʏ/, /e/, /ø/, /a/, /ə/, /u/, /o/, /ɑ/, have been studied according to totally 1217 phonetic samples, produced by 18 participants (12 males and 6 females). Phonetic samples were analyzed by using PRAAT and the results were analyzed by SPSS. The study results were reported in two parts of descriptive and analytical statistics. According to the first formant frequency, vowels /a/ and /i/ are the highest and lowest vowels, respectively. Vowel /i/ shows the highest second formant frequency and is the frontest vowel in this dialect. While vowel /a/ in males and vowel /o/ in females are the most back ones. The vowel roundedness was investigated; it reduces the second formant of vowels. Men’s first and second formant frequencies are lower than women’s.
Seyed Mahdi Nuriyan; Sara Mohammadi
Abstract
Standard language is a genre of writing in scientific and academic contexts whose main objective is the fast and accurate transfer of concepts to the audience. For more than half a century there have been discussions among scholars as to the definition and instances of the standard language. Although ...
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Standard language is a genre of writing in scientific and academic contexts whose main objective is the fast and accurate transfer of concepts to the audience. For more than half a century there have been discussions among scholars as to the definition and instances of the standard language. Although there is no consensus among scholars vis-à-vis the standard language, it can be said that this language register has established itself through contemporary, and scientific written texts published in books and academic journals. This paper aims to describe standard language and show its uses and examples in the works of one of the prolific and outstanding contemporary writers, namely, Mohammad-Ali Eslami Nodushan. The results reveal that Eslami Nodushan has followed the role model of distinguished Persian writers such as Sa'adi while simultaneously has distanced himself from literary devices and has opted for an error-free language. Also, he was more inclined to write short and simple sentences and he could prove his own abilities and show his personal style and flexibility. Writing for more than sixty years, Eslami Nodushan has left behind a prose based on the natural functions of language that ordinary people can communicate with and experts have taken a liking to.
Mohammad bagher Mirzaei hesarian
Abstract
The research's aim is to become more familiar with the grammatical features of writings of Chinese learners of Persian (CLP). The main question is how is the grammatical structure of noun groups (NG) in the writings of CLPs level B2. Determining the most used and least used dependencies of the NGs in ...
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The research's aim is to become more familiar with the grammatical features of writings of Chinese learners of Persian (CLP). The main question is how is the grammatical structure of noun groups (NG) in the writings of CLPs level B2. Determining the most used and least used dependencies of the NGs in CLP's writing and also measuring the effectiveness of Bateni's descriptive grammar are among the sub-question of the research. The research is descriptive-analytical and uses a corpus of the final writing test of the 36 CLPs in the Persian language teaching center of IKIU. According to the findings, most of the NGs (84%) had no dependents; in single-dependent NGs, which accounted for 15% of the total NGs, the following dependencies of "noun", "adjective" and the leading dependent "deixis & quantifier" had the highest frequency. In the two-dependent NGs, which had about 1% of the total NGs, and also in the few three and four-dependent NGs, the "noun" and "adjective" dependent had the highest frequency. In general, the findings indicate the ability or low willingness of Persian learners to expand the internal structure of NGs with ahead and follower dependents. At a more detailed level, the findings show the ability or willingness of CLPs to use follower dependencies than leading dependents. It seems that by teaching the grammatical structure of the NG to Persian learners, the quality of their writing can be increased. The research also confirms the effectiveness of Bateni's descriptive grammar in accurately describing the writings of CLPs.
Zahra Khanalizadeh; Fariba Ghatreh
Abstract
The present study examines the word-formation processes in 121 Persian-speaking children between 2-6 years of age from Tehran. The research data were collected through observation, interview with children and their parents, and questionnaire, and were then classified and analyzed based on the framework ...
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The present study examines the word-formation processes in 121 Persian-speaking children between 2-6 years of age from Tehran. The research data were collected through observation, interview with children and their parents, and questionnaire, and were then classified and analyzed based on the framework presented in Booij (2007). The results indicated that among the word-formation processes, derivation has the most frequent usage, and reduplication has the least one. Among the word-creation processes, shortening has been used more than blending. Moreover, among all the processes observed, coinage with 26% is the most frequent. According to the other findings of the research, it seems that the type of words made is directly related to the age of the child. Coinage has the most frequent usage among two-year-old children and with the increase of their age, processes like coinage and shortening are replaced with morphological processes, so that at the ages of 4 to 6 years old, the frequency of compounding and derivation increases in formation of the new words. One of the most important reasons for this can be the children’s cognition and awareness of morphological processes, which improves with the increase of their age.
Ali Pirhayati
Abstract
In their article in Elm-e Zaban (Volume 7, Issue 11) titled “Acoustic Analysis of Glottal Stop Occurrence before Initial Vowels in Persian Words”, Navab Safavi et al report the findings of their research on the acoustic features of the glottal stop before the word-initial vowels in the Persian ...
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In their article in Elm-e Zaban (Volume 7, Issue 11) titled “Acoustic Analysis of Glottal Stop Occurrence before Initial Vowels in Persian Words”, Navab Safavi et al report the findings of their research on the acoustic features of the glottal stop before the word-initial vowels in the Persian language and try to answer the question whether this sound is a phoneme or not. The research is based on the recorded pronunciation of some non-words with the CVCV syllable structure and also 30 Persian words with word-initial glottal stops (or “vowels” as the authors argue). The authors suggest that the criteria for the existence of the glottal stop consonant in the word group are not verified and conclude that a full glottal stop with the characteristics of a consonant does not exist before the word-initial vowels in the Persian language. It seems that this acoustic research suffers from weaknesses in terms of assumptions, critique of previous studies, methodology, conclusion, and references. The most serious weakness is the confusion between the realms of phonology and phonetics, and the lack of distinction between the status and characteristics of the two branches of linguistics. This reply takes up a number of phonological and methodological issues which challenge the main conclusions of the authors.
