samira Hoseini rad
Abstract
This study examines 530 of phrasal verbs in Persian extracted from two volumes "Farhag Sokhan". Since the phrasal verbs and prepositonal verbs have the same structure and both of them compose of a verb and a preposition, so the most important point is how to distinguish the phrasal verbs from prepositonal ...
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This study examines 530 of phrasal verbs in Persian extracted from two volumes "Farhag Sokhan". Since the phrasal verbs and prepositonal verbs have the same structure and both of them compose of a verb and a preposition, so the most important point is how to distinguish the phrasal verbs from prepositonal verbs. Wekker, Haegeman (1985) and Zeller (2001) have applied syntactic tests to see the distinctions between this two classes of verbs. Main purpose of this study is examination of syntactics criteria introduced on phrasal verbs in Persian in order to distinguish this two groups of verb and since the combining of noun and adjective with verb leads to make complex predicate and this process affects on the types and numbers of Theta grid, so it is also shown the combining of preposition phrases with verbs can affect on the types and numbers of Theta grid this class of verbs. The findings showed criteria introduced is practical on Persian phrasal verbs to distinct them from prepositonal verbs.
Elham Khayatan; reza sahraee
Abstract
AbstractInterpreting the literary texts has always attracted considerable attention, and there exist several critical approaches in this regard; semiotics is one of these approaches which merits mention. This study aims to examine a new approach based on the cultural semiotics.Here this question arises ...
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AbstractInterpreting the literary texts has always attracted considerable attention, and there exist several critical approaches in this regard; semiotics is one of these approaches which merits mention. This study aims to examine a new approach based on the cultural semiotics.Here this question arises that how the cultural semiotics will culminate in a more accurate interpretation of a literary text. This study presumes that via this new approach, we can achieve the optimal interpretation of the literary texts, one which is covered here being the weaponry in Rustam and Sohrab story in Ferdowsi’s Book of Kings. The methodology of the current study is based on the cultural semiotics and its patterns; thanks to these patterns, we may discover the semiotic system of the weaponry. The semiotic system of the weaponry, which unfolds across a semiotic sphere, leads to the discovery of the cultural concepts and signs. Interpreting poetry via this approach not only inhibits the cultural depression, but it also helps creation and recreation of the novel literary texts, and it also assists the literary texts, esp. poetry, learners and practitioners to analyze and explain the signs and attain new findings.
fatameh nosrati mumvandi; Reza Morad Sahraei; Hayat Ameri; Abbas Ashrafi; Fatemeh Nosrati Moomvandi
Abstract
The present study aims at studying radial network of the five words "Lesan, Qara, Khataba, Samea, and Kataba" based on cognitive semantics. Likewise, determining frequency of usage of radial meanings and prototypical meaning of the given word in two translations of Quran by Foladvand and Qomshei and ...
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The present study aims at studying radial network of the five words "Lesan, Qara, Khataba, Samea, and Kataba" based on cognitive semantics. Likewise, determining frequency of usage of radial meanings and prototypical meaning of the given word in two translations of Quran by Foladvand and Qomshei and two interpretations of Al-Mizan and Nemoneh is another purpose of the article. To determine the radial meanings and prototypical meaning of the given word, Tyler and Evans (2001)’s criteria were used. The analysis showed that the tools such as metonymy, metaphorical expansion and image schema play the main role in expanding the prototypical meaning of the given word; and meanwhile metaphorical expansion plays the main role in expanding the prototypical meaning. Additionally, it was found that in the translations and interpretations, there is a relative balance between usage of prototypical meaning and radial meanings of the words; although in some words this balance does not fit.
Nima Moshtaghi; Masoud Dehghan; Shahla Raghibdoust; Kourosh Saberi
Abstract
Coherence is one of the discourse–building features whose absence in the discourse of senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type causes their discourse becomes misunderstanding. So, the present study aims to investigate coherence in the discourse of Kurdish senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s ...
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Coherence is one of the discourse–building features whose absence in the discourse of senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type causes their discourse becomes misunderstanding. So, the present study aims to investigate coherence in the discourse of Kurdish senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. The methodological nature of this quantitative study is ex post facto type and the statistic population of this study included 20 subjects (10 senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type subjects and 10 normal elderly subjects) who were matched based on age (63-75), gender (male and female), illiteracy, and Kurdish language (Kalhori dialect) speaker. To determine the severity of dementia, the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale was administered and subjects with a score (0.5 ≤ score< 2) were selected. Then subjects answered the questions about their daily routines, families, and celebrating Eid Nowrouz. The data were analyzed based on Laine et al view and SPSS 16.0, independent T-test was used to obtain the statistic results. The findings indicate that there is a significant difference between the discourse of SDAT and NE subjects in the use of global coherence with (P=0/004) and local coherence with (P=0/003). The results showed that the use of global and local coherence has less frequency in the discourse of SDAT subjects; however, the absence of global coherence is more obvious. In the other word, local coherence has more frequency than global coherence.
Parisa Mohammadian Kalkhuran; Mohammad Bahrani
Abstract
The aim of this research is to survey the performance of several Machine Learning (ML) methods in Persian poem classification into two categories: with allusion and without allusion. To this end, several supervised learning methods are exploited, namely Naive Bayes, Support Vector Machines (SVM), Decision ...
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The aim of this research is to survey the performance of several Machine Learning (ML) methods in Persian poem classification into two categories: with allusion and without allusion. To this end, several supervised learning methods are exploited, namely Naive Bayes, Support Vector Machines (SVM), Decision Tree, Random Forest, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Logistic Regression and Multilayer Perceptron algorithms. After collecting the labeled data in format of two text files, each of the verses converted to numerical vector and after merging data and dividing it into two parts of training and testing, each algorithm is implemented on the train set, and is tested on the test set. Output of each algorithm is the predicted label for each verse by the machine. The evaluation method of the algorithms is LOOCV. The results show that Naive Bayes method with 76.09%, Logistic Regression with 76.09%, Multilayer Perceptron with 75.22% and the Support Vector Machines with 74.35% have better performance than the other algorithms. Overall, according to the other criteria such as f1-score and execution time, it can be said that the best performance is related to the Naive Bayes algorithm.
Raziyeh Gholipour Hafshejani; Mohammad Dabir moghaddam
Abstract
Abstract Theoretical foundation of systemic functional grammar as a general and corpus-based theory concentrates on function and meaning and also focuses on text and the use of language in context. This theory should be applicable to all languages and linguistic works. In this grammar all our inner and ...
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Abstract Theoretical foundation of systemic functional grammar as a general and corpus-based theory concentrates on function and meaning and also focuses on text and the use of language in context. This theory should be applicable to all languages and linguistic works. In this grammar all our inner and outer experiences could be represented by experiential meta-function and its process through transitivity system. This article is a stylistic investigation of the verbs, the process types, and relative frequency of them in dramatic texts. The present study indicates how this theory is capable of analyzing and interpreting dramatic texts stylistically and examining the role of language in dramatic structure. In this study, the authors analyze five famous contemporary Persian plays by transitivity system within the framework of SFG. We consider the frequency and percentage of process types in each play as a stylistic parameter which shows unique structural features of dramatic texts and stylistic features of each play and playwright.
Mahsa PahlevanZadeFini; Mohammad Dabirmoghaddam
Abstract
AbstractIn the present study, the subject of "passive voice in Persian language" has been analyzed and studied in a minimalist approach (Bowers, 2010, 2018). This approach is one of the latest adjustments made in the framework of the minimalist program in which the shortcomings of the previous theories ...
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AbstractIn the present study, the subject of "passive voice in Persian language" has been analyzed and studied in a minimalist approach (Bowers, 2010, 2018). This approach is one of the latest adjustments made in the framework of the minimalist program in which the shortcomings of the previous theories have been eliminated and the most important achievement is to provide the universal order of merge; An arrangement that, according to Bowers, can be used to organize the merge process in different languages. In this article, with reference to the linguistic data extracted from "the corpus of syntactic dependency of Persian language", while showing how this universal order of merge works; we will examine a part of the corpus with the label "passive sentences". Also, by using Bowers' latest theoretical framework, which is also effective in Persian, we analyze the active constructions that are present in the corpus as a passive sentence. Determining the syntactic position of noun phrases according to their distinct semantic roles, the position of by-phrase in passive sentences, examining the floating quantifier category and differentiating in the way of merging of predicate sentences and passive sentences in Persian are the results of this research in the framework of the minimalist program.
Mohammad Dabir-Moghaddam; Hossein Raeesi
Abstract
Stylistic devices are highly used to write interesting news headlines. However, a review of literature shows that very few studies have been conducted on their usage in a sport context. Therefore, this study has sought to investigate the stylistic devices used in the Iranian sport newspaper headlines. ...
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Stylistic devices are highly used to write interesting news headlines. However, a review of literature shows that very few studies have been conducted on their usage in a sport context. Therefore, this study has sought to investigate the stylistic devices used in the Iranian sport newspaper headlines. To do so, a total of 185 headlines containing stylistic devices from eight sport newspapers collected during a three-month period were classified according to Leigh’s (1994) Model. According to the findings of the study, the two stylistic devices allusion and pun together accounted for over half of the total number. Also, personification, paradox, repetition, and quotation were found to be the least used devices. The findings also indicated that though stylistic devices have served aesthetic functions and have caused the written language to become much closer to colloquial speech, they are sometimes found to be difficult to understand, requiring background knowledge on the readers’ part.
Golnaz Modarresi Ghavami; Mohammad Dabir-Moghaddam; Mohsen Heidarizadi
Abstract
Linguistic typology is the systematic study of linguistic variation and word order is one of its main topics. In this paper, word order components are studied in the varieties of Kurdish, Laki, and Luri languages spoken in Chardawol, a geographical region located in the north of Ilam province in Iran. ...
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Linguistic typology is the systematic study of linguistic variation and word order is one of its main topics. In this paper, word order components are studied in the varieties of Kurdish, Laki, and Luri languages spoken in Chardawol, a geographical region located in the north of Ilam province in Iran. For this purpose, the 24 components used in Dabir-Moghaddam (1392) to determine word order status in languages were employed and examples were provided for each component for the 3 varieties in this study. Results showed a high degree of convergence between the 3 language varieties in the geographical region of Chardawol, which is itself a manifestation of 'regional typology'. A comparison of word order components in the 3 varieties with the languages of Europe-Asia showed that all 3 mainly behave as strong verb-medial languages (with 17 components out of 24). Verb-medial status of these languages was also confirmed in a comparison with world languages (19 components out of 24).
Linguistics
Saeed Labbafan; Mohammad Dabirmoghaddam
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is providing a grammatical description of the agreement system in Khaniki language, based on empirical data. This variant belongs to South-Western Iranian languages. This language, as well as many other Iranian languages, is an endangered language. This language is spoken ...
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The main purpose of this study is providing a grammatical description of the agreement system in Khaniki language, based on empirical data. This variant belongs to South-Western Iranian languages. This language, as well as many other Iranian languages, is an endangered language. This language is spoken in the village [xɑnik], locally called [xunek]. In this paper, the description of the agreement types has been done based on Comrie (1978). In the descriptions, it will eventually turn out that Khaniki has grammaticalized a split alignment system sensitive to grammatical features of 'tense', 'aspect', 'person' in verbs and also the 'semantic feature of the subject'. In clauses containing «+present» verbs, whether transitive or intransitive, the agreement system will be 'Nominative-Accusative' and in clauses containing «+past», «+perfect», «+third person», and «+psyche» verbs, whether transitive or intransitive, the agreement system will be Non-'Nominative-Accusative'. In the 'Nominative-Accusative' system, subjects are always marked by inflectional agreement suffixes appended to verbs and in the Non-'Nominative-Accusative' system, which can be sub-divided to a neutral or tri-oblique type in this language, oblique agreement clitics will mark A, S, and O.
Mojdeh Parsa kia; Mohammad Dabirmoghaddam
Abstract
Conditional constructions are linguistic expressions in which the occurrence of a phenomenon or situation is subject to the occurrence of another phenomenon or situation. This type of construction has different tense patterns regarding its semantic features. This study was conducted to explain the representation ...
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Conditional constructions are linguistic expressions in which the occurrence of a phenomenon or situation is subject to the occurrence of another phenomenon or situation. This type of construction has different tense patterns regarding its semantic features. This study was conducted to explain the representation of Aspect and Mood and the relationship between them in Persian conditionals. In the present study, the approaches of Comrie (1976) and Palmer (2001) were applied to establish mood and aspect, and Possible World Typology of Conditionals, as put forward by Declerck and Reed (2001), to investigate the semantic classification of conditions. The corpus included 540 conditional constructions extracted from a total of 5 works of contemporary novelists. Analysis of Persian conditional constructions showed that grammatical aspect often appears in the secondary role and function as a mood in such constructions. Further, expression of the unreality of the conditional clause in most conditionals is established through subjunctive mood.
Sadegh Hemmati; Mohammad Dabir-Moghaddam
Abstract
Qashqai Turkic is one of the southwestern (Oghuz) Turkic languages in Iran, which has undergone profound changes at all language levels as a result of intense and long-term contact with Persian. This study investigates the changes that have occurred as a result of this contact in the strategies of combining ...
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Qashqai Turkic is one of the southwestern (Oghuz) Turkic languages in Iran, which has undergone profound changes at all language levels as a result of intense and long-term contact with Persian. This study investigates the changes that have occurred as a result of this contact in the strategies of combining clauses in the structure of complex sentences. These changes include changes in the strategies of coordination, as well as subordination strategies in relative, complement and adverbial clauses. In this study, by investigating and analyzing a written corpus consisting of seven story books, in addition to determining the change cases, an attempt has been made to quantify their extent and progress by quantitatively examining them, and the results of previous research in this field are re-evaluated. The theoretical framework used in this research is the code-copying model introduced by Lars Johanson and used in many researches related to contact linguistics in Turkic languages.
Shahla Seifouri; Yadgar Karimi; Shahram Saeidi; Mohsen Masoomi
Abstract
AbstractParallel merge generates a structure that contains a double symmetric relation, in which; the shared object has two mother nodes. Naturally the Linearization of multidominant structures derived from parallel merge will face challenge. The purpose of this study is to analyze and dissect the algorithms ...
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AbstractParallel merge generates a structure that contains a double symmetric relation, in which; the shared object has two mother nodes. Naturally the Linearization of multidominant structures derived from parallel merge will face challenge. The purpose of this study is to analyze and dissect the algorithms that have been proposed in the relevant literature to address the challenge of linearization of multidominant structures. Specifically, in this research, the content of the proposed algorithms regarding linearization of multidominant structure will be qualitatively examined using graph and set tools. The empirical and computational quantitative approaches, in relation to the existence of this type of structure shows that,multidominant structure is the natural result of the function of Merge in the workspace rather than the consequences of parallel merge. Continued analysis, To shed light on the performance of Merge in workspace, the issue of putting order into set Merge is raised. From this perspective, Part of the linearization takes place in narrow syntax in line with Kayne (1994).
Noorahman Naseh; Mohammad Dabirmoghaddam
Abstract
AbstractAll languages of the world have passive construction that behaves differently in the process of passive formation. One kind of passive construction observed in the world's languages is analytical that Iranian languages usually utilize it to construct passive construction. Pashai language, which ...
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AbstractAll languages of the world have passive construction that behaves differently in the process of passive formation. One kind of passive construction observed in the world's languages is analytical that Iranian languages usually utilize it to construct passive construction. Pashai language, which is one of the Eastern Iranian languages, has an analytical passive construction. Keenan and Dreyer (2007) divided the auxiliary verbs of passive construction into four types. This article investigates the passive construction in Pashai language in terms of structure and lexicon. In Pashai language, the typical pattern for passive construction is similar to the pattern for the auxiliary verbs /biʈʃæ/ and bitek; the former is used for the feminine grammatical subject and the latter for the masculine grammatical subject and the direct object. It becomes a grammatical subject, the subject is lost or deleted, and the verb turns to past participle form. There is another pattern of passivization in Pashai language, which is examined in the second part of this article under the title of lexical and semantic passive; that is, the kind of passive construction in which the passivization process does not work regularly. The method used in this article is obvious and explicit; the text of Pashai language is not only written in their phonological forms but, to avoid problems analyzing the data, the examples are also translated into Persian.
Enayat Rahman Mayar; Mohammad Dabirmoghaddam
Abstract
This article investigates the passive structure of Pashto language, Pashto language has passive structure which has various structural similarities with the passive structure of Persian language. This article initially discusses the recognition and explanations of passive structure provided from the ...
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This article investigates the passive structure of Pashto language, Pashto language has passive structure which has various structural similarities with the passive structure of Persian language. This article initially discusses the recognition and explanations of passive structure provided from the grammarian and linguists of Pashto language. Whereas the languages of the world make passive structures in different ways which we can divide them into “analytical passive” and “morphological passive”. In Pashto language the passive structures are made with helping verbs, therefore, it is a kind of analytical passive. The common pattern for passive structure in Pashto language are the helping verbs (بودن, شدن). In addition, the main verb in the process of changing active structure into passive structure appear in the forms of adjective and past participle. The subject of the sentence usually eliminates while changing from active into passive structure, but we can mention that as a “combination tool” which may have the function of the “lost role”. The object of the sentence in passive structure moves into a syntactic subject, and the verb appears in the superstructure as an essence; which has past participle form in the “unambiguous passive structure” and it is eliminated for the purpose of contraction.
Ismatullah Miakhil; Mohammad Dabirmoghaddam
Abstract
The paṢto/ Pashto language is classified as a (subject-object-verb) or (SOV) language, and it is one of the post-position languages. This language is lexical-based in independent, coordinating, and dependent clauses (subject-object-verb). Pashto is spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan and even in India. ...
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The paṢto/ Pashto language is classified as a (subject-object-verb) or (SOV) language, and it is one of the post-position languages. This language is lexical-based in independent, coordinating, and dependent clauses (subject-object-verb). Pashto is spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan and even in India. It is the official and national language of Afghanistan. Most people of Afghanistan (63%) speaks Pashto.Pashto is one of the Eastern Iranian languages in which, like other languages of the world, the conditional clause appears before the main clause in conditional sentences. Sometimes in special and emphatic cases, the conditional clause can come after the main clause. In Pashto language, conditional device (kӘ) can appear in the beginning of the first clause and in the second place of the first clause or in the beginning of the second clause.Conditional sentence structure, which are compound sentences in Pashto, include a subordinate clause (conditional clause) that usually comes before the main clause.As its name implies, the two clauses are joined by a conditional device (kӘ). This (kӘ) comes at the beginning of the subordinate clause. Sometimes (kӘ) in the conditional clause is accompanied with (no) or (xo) devices, but more often they appear in the beginning of conditional sentences. In conditional sentences, (Če) device can also mean (kӘ).
Linguistics
Faezeh Marsous; Ferdos Agagolzade; Aliyeh Kord Zafaranlu Kambuziya
Abstract
Today, we see fruitful efforts in the field of Persian language teaching; however, there are still shortcomings due to a lack of sufficient studies as well as fundamental research in this field. Word selection and scientific teaching of words is one of those areas that has ambiguities, such as the principles ...
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Today, we see fruitful efforts in the field of Persian language teaching; however, there are still shortcomings due to a lack of sufficient studies as well as fundamental research in this field. Word selection and scientific teaching of words is one of those areas that has ambiguities, such as the principles of selecting Persian language teaching words, word leveling, and how to teach them. According to Nation (2003), lexical frequency and word applicability are two principles in teaching second or foreign language words. This research aims to compare the frequency of educational words in the Shiraz and Parfa series, as well as the frequency with which their educational words appear. As a result, the lexical frequencies of these two sets were compared. The word frequency of these two sets was then compared to the list of words created by Sahraei et al. (1398), Nematzadeh et al. (1390), and Asi (1398). Data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel software, pivot tables, and formula writing methods. The results show that a total of 864 words, or more than 30% of the words in both sets, are shared. The Shiraz series contains 47.15 percent of its vocabulary in at least one list, while the Parfa series encompasses 38.75 percent of its vocabulary in at least one list. When the results are compared, the Shiraz series outperforms the Parfa series in terms of lexical frequency, with roughly half of its educational vocabulary appearing at a minimum in one of the selected frequency lists.
Linguistics
Iraj Zafari; Behzad Rahbar; Mohammad Reza Oroji
Abstract
Based on Lakoff and Johnson’s cognitive framework, metaphor is considered as one of the ways to the human perception of the concepts in the universe. The aim of the current research was to study the effects of animal names on Turkish native speakers and the implicational meanings of the words. ...
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Based on Lakoff and Johnson’s cognitive framework, metaphor is considered as one of the ways to the human perception of the concepts in the universe. The aim of the current research was to study the effects of animal names on Turkish native speakers and the implicational meanings of the words. The Turkish native speakers have framed the metaphoric meanings out of the comparison of humans, also his surrounding events with these entities. This was based on an interview with 30 native speakers, 33 words were collected, 22 of which were common. First, the implicational meanings of these 22 words were extracted and were inserted in front of the name of each animal in a table. Then for each word, the explanation was given according to examples and poems in the Turkish reference books. In addition, the subject of gender, frequency, and percentage in these metaphors was examined as well. The results indicated that the names affect the Turkish native speakers’ speech and the speakers use these metaphoric words in the appropriate situations.
Linguistics
Abstract
Ethnic diversity in Iran results in language variety and it affects education from the first year of school; therefore it is necessary to take heed of this matter and to prevent disturbing bilingual children’s education progress for lack of deficiency in the Persian language. This study has been ...
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Ethnic diversity in Iran results in language variety and it affects education from the first year of school; therefore it is necessary to take heed of this matter and to prevent disturbing bilingual children’s education progress for lack of deficiency in the Persian language. This study has been done to analyze the language skills of bilingual and graduated Persian speakers. Statistical society was the students of twelfth grade and the sample has been chosen with the cluster sample and random multistage method among these cities: Arak, Tabriz, Sari, Sanandaj, Shiraz, Yasouj, and Yazd. The research methodology was based on a survey. Besides descriptive statistics, in the inferential statistics part, the non-parametric tests of Mann-Whitney U and KruskalWallis and the parametric test of t-test and ANOVA were employed. Examining the quantitative and qualitative data proved that the results of evaluating Persian and bilingual graduates were meaningful in reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills and the Persian students functioned in all of the skills better than the bilingual students. These outcomes were exact even with adding gender, major, and comparison between the best score of bilinguals and the weakest score of Persian students. The meaningful differences between all of the skills demonstrated that the efforts made in the formal education years were not efficient enough. Based on language variety in Iran, the recommendation of this paper is a reconsideration of current educational programs, especially with paying attention to preschool and the first-third grades of elementary school.
Linguistics
elham sobati
Abstract
Given the importance of sight, which is one of the most important human senses regarding receiving environmental data, and its fundamental role in the recognition and processing of many behaviors, such as observing movements, events, and emotional states in individuals, as well as tracking and orientation, ...
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Given the importance of sight, which is one of the most important human senses regarding receiving environmental data, and its fundamental role in the recognition and processing of many behaviors, such as observing movements, events, and emotional states in individuals, as well as tracking and orientation, it should be expected that the performance of the blind in the process of language acquisition and learning cognitive skills was different in many aspects when compared to sighted individuals. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate and compare the metaphorical concepts of love in the daily speech of Kurdish-Persian bilingual sighted and blind adults. To this end, research data was gathered using interview with 50 bilingual Kurdish-Persian informants aged 18-70 from the Ilam province. Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics methods in SPSS software version 22. The results showed that, regarding the frequency of metaphors, there were no significant differences between the performance of the blind and the sighted adults. However, the frequency of the utilized sensory sources for the source domains of love was different in the speech of the two groups, where the blind used the sense of hearing significantly more than the sighted people to express love (P<0.05). Moreover, the subjects used certain source domains to express love which seemed to reflect cultural influences. In addition, the results of this study can lead to more interaction of blind subjects with society through solving their language problems.
Linguistics
zahra rajabi fard; bahram modarresi; foroogh kazemi
Abstract
This research has investigated the topic in commercial advertising from the perspective of Lambercht framework 288 commercial advertisement have been collected from TV, radio, internet, commercial posters and street billboards. the use of language in advertising is inevitable .advertisements were different ...
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This research has investigated the topic in commercial advertising from the perspective of Lambercht framework 288 commercial advertisement have been collected from TV, radio, internet, commercial posters and street billboards. the use of language in advertising is inevitable .advertisements were different department such as industria food products health the cosmetis clothing shoes and restuarnt. The question that this research wants to find is that how is the topic represented in advertising based on Lamberchts framework result show that from 288 advertisement topic have been form of noun or pronoun 140 and topic form of zero 89 antitopic form 41 topic form of noun or pronoun more numbers have been seen it mostly used in sentence also television and internet advertisement were similar in term of the type of work, content and statistics in advertising poster and billboards were statistical similarities because they were only visual. This research was descriptive and analytical
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