Marziye Foruqi
Abstract
In the 3rd issue of the Journal of Language Science, Ehsan Changizi wrote a review on the Aban Yasht written by Changiz Mowlaee. In the 4th issue of the same journal, Mowlaee wrote a critique of that review and evaluated it as being false and incorrect in terms of its contents. In Mowlaee’s response, ...
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In the 3rd issue of the Journal of Language Science, Ehsan Changizi wrote a review on the Aban Yasht written by Changiz Mowlaee. In the 4th issue of the same journal, Mowlaee wrote a critique of that review and evaluated it as being false and incorrect in terms of its contents. In Mowlaee’s response, some subjects of the Avestan language are propounded that must be examined in more detail and be analyzed from the linguistic point of view. In the present article, the most important points are categorized in six classes, but under each subject the other subjects such as phoneme and sound, root, enclitic, clitic and host, relative pronoun or demonstrative pronoun ya, copula verb and attributive clause, predicate possession, enclitic pronoun mē and functions of ethical dative are also discussed. In these discussions it has become clear that for studying ancient texts it is necessary to be familiar with generalities of linguistics. It is only by using modern linguistic issues that one can study the Avestan language free from its rules of writing system. For instance, in Avestan writing system the enclitic pronouns are written separately from their hosts and after each of them a dot has been written. In transcribing the ancient texts, on the other hand, these pronouns should be written connected to their hosts since the pronounced form of the ancient texts is shown in the transcription.
Maryam Reza Asa
Abstract
In most Persian phonetics resources, there is no absolute unanimity regarding the manner of articulation of uvular consonant /G/. The present study sought to investigate the manner of articulation in standard conversational Persian through intervocalic, initial, final and clustered phonological environments ...
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In most Persian phonetics resources, there is no absolute unanimity regarding the manner of articulation of uvular consonant /G/. The present study sought to investigate the manner of articulation in standard conversational Persian through intervocalic, initial, final and clustered phonological environments on the basis of acoustic methods. In so doing, the speech samples of ten native speakers of standard Persian (five males and five females) all from educated class who were unfamiliar to linguistics and were within age range of 20-30 were recorded and analyzed through Praat software. According to the analyses, the following major allophones were recognized: voiced stop [G], approximant [ʁ], and voiced fricative [γ]- in free alternation with each other in most of phonological contexts. Furthermore, in conversational speech of some speakers, in some special words, voiceless fricative [x] was in free alternation with its other variants as an allophone. Statistics shows that voiced stop [G] in the above-mentioned contexts occurs more frequently than other variants. It can be concluded that the most frequent variant and representative of this phoneme in standard Persian must be known as /G/.
Sayed Mehdi Dadres
Abstract
The present study is a response to E. Hosseini-Matakʼs critique of the book entitled “Materials for the Study of Bakhtiari Dialect” (Zhukovsky, 1396/2017). The author, as the co-editor of the above work, attempts to reveal the invalidity of a number of the critic’s claims, referring ...
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The present study is a response to E. Hosseini-Matakʼs critique of the book entitled “Materials for the Study of Bakhtiari Dialect” (Zhukovsky, 1396/2017). The author, as the co-editor of the above work, attempts to reveal the invalidity of a number of the critic’s claims, referring to the statements of the very book and explaining some linguistic points and the reasons to adopt certain methodological approaches. It seems that the aforementioned critic has totally avoided dealing with the strong points of the book.
Maryam Ghiasvand; Omid Tabibzadeh
Abstract
An alternation is defined as a pair of sentences with more or less identical structures and the same meaning. These alternations are sensitive to the meaning component of verbs. Therefore, it can be used as a criterion for classifying verbs in an effective way. Levin classified English verbs into 49 ...
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An alternation is defined as a pair of sentences with more or less identical structures and the same meaning. These alternations are sensitive to the meaning component of verbs. Therefore, it can be used as a criterion for classifying verbs in an effective way. Levin classified English verbs into 49 broad semantic classes and 192 subclasses, introducing 79 argument alternations. She believes that various aspects of the syntactic behavior of verbs are tied to their meaning. Moreover, verbs that fall into classes according to shared behavior would be expected to show shared meaning components. The present study aimed to examine a type of alternations introduced by Levin called “Reciprocal Alternation”, which itself includes several types of alternations. One of these alternations, known as “Understood Reciprocal Object Alternation”, is a type of “Transitive Alternations”. Transitive alternations include alternations involving a change in a verb’s transitivity. The other types of Reciprocal Alternation are the alternations that occur without a change in a verb’s transitivity. These alternations include “Simple Reciprocal Alternation”, “Together Reciprocal Alternation”, and “Apart Reciprocal Alternation”. A corpus-based study of 3070 Persian verbs revealed that all these alternations are also found in Persian. Furthermore, two new types of these alternation named “Reciprocal Chaining Alternation” and “Reciprocal Collective Alternation” were introduced in the present study.
Fateme Akoondi; Marziye Sanaati
Abstract
Khorramabad Lori language is one of the languages of southwest of Iran and like other languages it has its own grammatical and typological features. Today, because of the effect of Persian on Lori, as an endangered language, it goes to disappear and this requires linguistic analysis of this topic with ...
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Khorramabad Lori language is one of the languages of southwest of Iran and like other languages it has its own grammatical and typological features. Today, because of the effect of Persian on Lori, as an endangered language, it goes to disappear and this requires linguistic analysis of this topic with the goal of formulating the grammatical rules governing that. Thus, this article addresses the components of word order in this language. The method includes preparing a questionnaire, interviewing with native speakers, transcribing the gathered data and typological analysis of this language. In order to analyze data, the order and sequence of words were tested in according to components of Dryer’s word order pattern by providing dialectic samples. The investigations reveal that for example adposition comes in the form of preposition; and relative clause, noun, attributive verb, verb and main verb come after nominal head, genitive, predicate, adverb of manner and auxiliary verb respectively. At result, tendency of this language is on strong verb initial. Also, this language acts like Persian in terms of the component of word order.
Heyran Molaei ghale mohammad; Shoja Tafakkori Rezayi; َAmer Gheytouri
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to investigate aspect in the hierarchy of constructing sentences in the Lori dialect of Khorramabad. This research has been done descriptively and analytically. The present study examined the status of the grammatical and lexical terms of aspect based on the Minimalist Program. ...
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate aspect in the hierarchy of constructing sentences in the Lori dialect of Khorramabad. This research has been done descriptively and analytically. The present study examined the status of the grammatical and lexical terms of aspect based on the Minimalist Program. Aspect is a grammatical projection that is the closest projector to the verb phrase. It shows the nature of the action of a verb as to its beginning, duration, completion, or repetition. Perfect and imperfect are the main categories of the grammatical aspect. Imperfect aspect hosts the aspect markers: “mɛ” ، “dɑšte” and the element aspect maker “hɑ” which is the specific-species form of imperfect aspect in Lori without agreement operations. The aspect markers are placed in the head of an aspect phrase between tense and little verb phrases. “hey” and “hani” are two elements conveying lexical aspect.
Alireza Khormaee; Elina Skrouchi
Abstract
One of the main themes of discourse analysis is information structure. The impact on the syntactic, phonological and morphological form of the sentence of information structure is observable. Regarding its impact on the morphological form, there exists an area of research called ‘discourse anaphora’. ...
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One of the main themes of discourse analysis is information structure. The impact on the syntactic, phonological and morphological form of the sentence of information structure is observable. Regarding its impact on the morphological form, there exists an area of research called ‘discourse anaphora’. The present study analyzed discourse anaphora in the novel ‘School’s Principal’ and the book ‘Language and Thought’ based on Gundel, Hedberg and Zacharski's (1993) Givenness Hierarchy. The model consists of six cognitive statuses. It is believed that the choice of the form of referring expressions depends on the cognitive status of the referent in the mind of hearer (reader). In the present study, twelve referring forms were chosen, and different cognitive statuses were identified and presented in a separate table for each form based on the collected examples. Finally, based on the numbers and statistics taken from the tables, the degree of compatibility of the predictions of the Givenness Hierarchy with Persian data was observed.
Behrooz Ghesmat Pour; Ali Reza Gholi Famian; Seifollah Molaye Pashae; Narjes Banou Sabouri
Abstract
Dialectometrics is a quantitative approach to measure the differences among varying dialects using statistical measurement on a large number of linguistic features in a dialectal area. A dialect atlas, as such, displays variations of language across a geographical area. The present study employs an aggregate ...
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Dialectometrics is a quantitative approach to measure the differences among varying dialects using statistical measurement on a large number of linguistic features in a dialectal area. A dialect atlas, as such, displays variations of language across a geographical area. The present study employs an aggregate data analysis method as well as RuG/L04 dialectometry and cartography software to provide a perspective of phonological and lexical variation in Guilan province, Iran. The statistical population of the study includes residents of five Talysh-speaking towns in Guilan province, i.e. Talysh, Rezvanshahr, Masal, Fuman and Shaft. In each town/area 10 villages with more than 100 Talysh-speaking households were selected. The selected participants were male and they were classified in three age groups including the teen, the middle-aged and the elderly. The data were collected using Leipzig and Swadesh language questionnaires which include 65 words and 7 sentences. The results indicate that Talysh speakers tend to behave similarly in phonetic and lexical items in some semantic fields whereas in some other fields differences surface. The age variable proves to be significant in using older local words and the younger subjects tend to use standard Persian. In sum, three general dialects are recognized in Talysh, and each dialect has its own phonetic and lexical variations.
Mohammad Ahmadi
Abstract
In the current article, the history of rhetoric from 400 B.C. to 100 A.D. is reviewed. During this 500 years, the theoretical basis of classical rhetoric was established and has remained almost the same throughout the centuries. The first sage who established theoretical basis for rhetoric with a logical ...
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In the current article, the history of rhetoric from 400 B.C. to 100 A.D. is reviewed. During this 500 years, the theoretical basis of classical rhetoric was established and has remained almost the same throughout the centuries. The first sage who established theoretical basis for rhetoric with a logical approach was Aristotle. Aristotle’s views on rhetoric are very carefully and precisely analyzed in this article. Following Aristotle, Roman teachers of rhetoric such as Cicero and Quintilian added more to the theory of rhetoric. The Roman’s theory of rhetoric is also reviewed in the article. The current article seeks to show the differences and similarities of Aristotle’s theory of rhetoric as well as the Romans perception of it.
Mehdi Sabzevari; Fateme Mohammadi
Abstract
Farsi course book, included in the curriculum for the high school students with the aim of acquiring language skills, consists of various educational materials on writing and structure. The researchers in the present study are of the belief that the Farsi course book is fraught with major pitfalls which ...
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Farsi course book, included in the curriculum for the high school students with the aim of acquiring language skills, consists of various educational materials on writing and structure. The researchers in the present study are of the belief that the Farsi course book is fraught with major pitfalls which must be dealt with. In addition to the pitfalls, many Farsi teachers are not equipped with the sufficient knowledge and education to teach linguistic skills. Furthermore, most of the points raised in the book are not put into practice, which is in direct contradictions to objectives of Ministry of Education. Contrary to the strongly-held belief that since Farsi is the formal language of the country and the media, students should not have any serious trouble in understanding and learning it, Farsi is one of the few courses which have experienced great educational failure. The present paper seeks to uncover the possible reasons behind students’ failure resulting from the contents of Farsi course book and its teaching methodology in an attempt to improve them.
Rahele Gandomkar
Abstract
Format-based semantics was first proposed by Charles Fillmore after putting forward the notion of ‘format’ (1977a, 1977b, 1985, 1987) as a perspective in the framework of semantics. Fillmore, in this lexical approach, uses the term format as a method for semantically analyzing natural language. ...
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Format-based semantics was first proposed by Charles Fillmore after putting forward the notion of ‘format’ (1977a, 1977b, 1985, 1987) as a perspective in the framework of semantics. Fillmore, in this lexical approach, uses the term format as a method for semantically analyzing natural language. The author of the present paper, using many examples of standard Persian, evaluates efficiency of this theory in Persianto determine its comprehensiveness with a language which has not been the subject of Fillmore’s research. The results from this evaluation show that Fillmore, contrary to the original claim of cognitive semantic scholars, has sought representative image formation in proposing his theory. Not only most Persian verbs have not been predicted in many of the instances of Fillmore’s formats, many formats have been merged. The lack of efficiency of this theory, at least in Persian , results from neglecting the fact that when we see something in the outside world, we enter it into Persian based on how we have understood it. Our understanding of the representations around us determine what sentences we bring into the language. It does not seem suitable nor correct to reach a specific format based on a few elements in a given image.
Mansooreh Shekaramiz
Abstract
Two anterior aphasic patients (one man and one woman) were recorded for their productions of six Persian vowels and were compared to a group of four normal speakers (two men and two women). Praat was used to obtain the spectrograms of the sound files. Vowel duration values showed that normal women produced ...
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Two anterior aphasic patients (one man and one woman) were recorded for their productions of six Persian vowels and were compared to a group of four normal speakers (two men and two women). Praat was used to obtain the spectrograms of the sound files. Vowel duration values showed that normal women produced longer vowels compared to normal men. The male patient produced all vowels shorter, and the female patient produced all vowels longer than all four normal subjects. Although there were no significant differences in the formant frequency values of the four non-round vowels across groups, the two round vowels /o, u/ showed a pattern different from that of other vowels in aphasic speech
Mohammad Amin Shakeri; Azade Mirzaei
Abstract
Saussure"s fundamentally novel ideations about language and the problem of the sign, which were introduced to humanities by the publication of the compiled book called Cours de linguistique générale, were indicating a basic turn and the foundation of a new algebraic and relational general ...
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Saussure"s fundamentally novel ideations about language and the problem of the sign, which were introduced to humanities by the publication of the compiled book called Cours de linguistique générale, were indicating a basic turn and the foundation of a new algebraic and relational general science. Many linguists and scholars- who were often called “structuralists” (or partially “post-structuralists”) - pursued his ideations. Among them, Luis Hjelmslev is a prominent figure. Some consider him as the true successor of Saussure. It may be contended that the veritable linkup point between Saussure and Hjelmslev"s perspectives on the epistemology of the linguistic science (and subsequently about the general epistemology) could be related to the concept of “immanence”. In the present study, the basic components in Saussure"s linguistic epistemology- according to recent Saussurological studies – were first extracted by a special attention to his scripts and his lectures; later, their fundamental modifications in the Glossematic standpoint of Hjelmslev were tracked. Next, the importance of epistemological transitions applied by Hjelmslev was examined. Finally, the precious consequences of the Glossematical epistemology towards an “immanent linguistic algebra” were affirmed, and a reconsideration of Hjelmslev"s unique thought regarding the theorization of language was proposed.
Ebrahim Rezapour; Abolfazl Mouchani
Abstract
This research has been done to investigate the impact of gender on different circumstantial adjuncts usage in the writings of foreign learners of Persian language based on Halliday's systemic functional grammar approach. The method of this research is descriptive-analytic method. The sample and the corpus ...
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This research has been done to investigate the impact of gender on different circumstantial adjuncts usage in the writings of foreign learners of Persian language based on Halliday's systemic functional grammar approach. The method of this research is descriptive-analytic method. The sample and the corpus of this research was the writing of 248 advanced female and male foreign learners of Persian language of the center for teaching Persian language in Ferdowsi university of Mashhad. Sampling method has been done in this order: first, the writing of 248 advanced female and male foreign learners of Persian language was separated based on gender (124 men and 124 women); Then, the circumstantial adjuncts in the texts was determined based on the segmentation of Halliday; after that, the distribution of all circumstantial adjuncts, was determined and shown by charts and compared. The chi - square statistical test was used to study the significance of differences between men and women. The results indicate that the women have used circumstantial adjuncts in their writing more than the men. Only, the men have used circumstantial adjuncts of cause more than the women. Advanced foreign learners of Persian language have used locational circumstantial adjuncts more than the other circumstantial adjuncts.
Reza Ghanbari Abdolmaleki; Ailin Firoozian Pooresfahani
Abstract
This study aimed to measure the articulation of the floating signifiers considering the master signifier of the discourse of "Cloud Years" novel using Ernesto Laclau’s and Theon Van Dijk's theories based on structuralist perspective. This novel written by Ali Ashraf Darvishian is a meaningful collection ...
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This study aimed to measure the articulation of the floating signifiers considering the master signifier of the discourse of "Cloud Years" novel using Ernesto Laclau’s and Theon Van Dijk's theories based on structuralist perspective. This novel written by Ali Ashraf Darvishian is a meaningful collection of linguistic and metalinguistic signs. Considering this issue, in order to explain the discourse of this novel, the authors analyze its components and described the relationship between the floating signifiers and the master signifier; then examined the transformation of "social inequality" into the master signifier and consequently the growth of socialism discourse. The main question of the present study is that how the floating signifiers of the discourse have been formed based on the master signifier with the aim of stabilizing and giving meaning to it? Based on the descriptive-analytical method, the authors have examined the novel in question at three levels. The findings show that in this work, social inequality is considered as a master signifier in the formation of its discourse elements. Also, the floating signifiers, that the discourse of this novel is filled with, are articulated in the form of concepts such as "Social equality", all of which serve the master signifier. According to Theon Van Dijk's theory, polarization, irony, implication, metaphor, modality, comparison, agent, dramatization, explanation, repetition, and distancing are the most salient categories of ideological analysis in this discourse.
Elahe Hoseini Matak
Abstract
Materials for Study of Bakhtiyâri Dialect is a translation of Zhukovski’s research study entitled Materials for Study of Iranian Dialects. He lived in Iran from 1883 to 1886 and collected samples from Iranian dialects including Bakhtiyâri. In this collection, he has transcribed 42 Bakhtiyâri ...
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Materials for Study of Bakhtiyâri Dialect is a translation of Zhukovski’s research study entitled Materials for Study of Iranian Dialects. He lived in Iran from 1883 to 1886 and collected samples from Iranian dialects including Bakhtiyâri. In this collection, he has transcribed 42 Bakhtiyâri poems and translated them into Russian. Zhukovski’s work has been used as the point of departure by “Maryam Shafaghi” and “Sayyed Mahdi Dâdras” one of whom is native Bakhtiyâri speaker and has attempted to correct phonemic transcription and stress placement of Zhukovski and translated it into Bakhtiyâri regardless of its translation. In the current study, the researcher has reviewed and criticized Shafaghi and Dâdras’ transcription, translation and stress placement. Studying Bakhtiyâri dialect over the past 130 years and comparing it to the contemporary Bakhtiyâri is diachronic in nature and one shouldn’t, therefore, change transcription and stress placement with reference to information from contemporary Bakhtiyâri.
Maryam Ramezankhani
Abstract
The present paper studies the possibility of translating “sense relations” in the level of sentences into formal expressions. In so doing, it applies the mathematical logic, especially the logic of propositions within the constraints of sufficient Farsi examples. That is, firstly, a definition ...
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The present paper studies the possibility of translating “sense relations” in the level of sentences into formal expressions. In so doing, it applies the mathematical logic, especially the logic of propositions within the constraints of sufficient Farsi examples. That is, firstly, a definition for each relation in sentence level is presented. Secondly, using the tools of propositional logic, a formal translation for each relation is offered. Then, each of the proposed relation is shown to be in accordance with its corresponding sense relation; finally, the efficiency of the formal expression is tested by examples from Farsi. The sense relations discussed are as follows: entailment, contradiction, inference, and presupposition. The author concluded that the sense relation of “synonymy” is, basically, impossible to be translated into formal expression since there are no two sentences in any language that can be considered “synonymous”. Thus, no formal translation can be proposed for “synonymy” in the sentence level.
Habib Gowhari; Forugh Asadi
Abstract
This study is intended to gauge and describe the role of the Kurdish linguistic element (-ow) in a coding object in southern Kurdish. This study is descriptive-analytic in which the data are collected from native speakers through interviews and natural conversations. Based on the linguistic distribution ...
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This study is intended to gauge and describe the role of the Kurdish linguistic element (-ow) in a coding object in southern Kurdish. This study is descriptive-analytic in which the data are collected from native speakers through interviews and natural conversations. Based on the linguistic distribution and the provided arguments in this paper, this linguistic element is named an object-marker enclitic. Analyzing the employed data indicates that this object-marker enclitic has, apparently, various roles. It is mainly accompanied by transitive verbs, however, it is found to accompany intransitive verbs as well. As for its distribution, it can both follow and precede object pronominal clitics. However, in a few cases, it is even prefixed to the verb. In terms of its meaning, it has a clear content meaning cross-referencing object in terms of person and number, though it has a fixed form (-ow). It can accompany many simple and complex verbs, though its presence is blocked by many other verbs. It can cross-reference to both definite and indefinite objects. Therefore, it is not sensitive to information distribution. In general, it has various roles of which object-marking and object-doubling are emphasized in this study.
Masoumeh Najafi Pazoki; Marzieh Rezaie Dinani
Abstract
The present research deals with the identification of standard of the type and number of cohesion devices used in (10-12 years old) children’s texts. The database includes 400 (10-12 years old) texts written by children in Tehran, 60 stories by child writers, and 60 texts in the fourth, fifth, ...
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The present research deals with the identification of standard of the type and number of cohesion devices used in (10-12 years old) children’s texts. The database includes 400 (10-12 years old) texts written by children in Tehran, 60 stories by child writers, and 60 texts in the fourth, fifth, and sixth grade course books. According to the findings, four types of conjunctive devices (additive, adversative, causal and temporal) are appeared in the texts written by 10-12 year-old children and the ones written for them (i.e., stories by child writers and texts in the course books). Furthermore, the comparison between the usage of conjunctive devices in both types of texts (i.e., productive and perceptive) showed that the standard of the type and number of cohesion devices indicate a kind of growth sequence in which additive devices appeared at first, followed by temporal devices, causal devices appearing next, and finally adversative devices are used. This process shows accumulative sequence of semantic growth; as a result, perception of coordination concept, sequence of occurrences, cause and effect relation, and contrast relation must have taken place for children. This finding is in line with that of Bloom et al. (1980), Kamari (2016), Shapiro and Hudson (1991) and Guna and Ngadiman (2015).
Nesa Mihanparast; Arsalan Golfam; Hayat Ameri
Abstract
Polysemy, being among the conceptual relationships that is important and frequent in Persian, is very close to cognitive concepts. In FrameNet, which is an on-line project in the field of English vocabulary at the University of Berkeley based on frame semantics theory of Fillmore in 1997, each word is ...
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Polysemy, being among the conceptual relationships that is important and frequent in Persian, is very close to cognitive concepts. In FrameNet, which is an on-line project in the field of English vocabulary at the University of Berkeley based on frame semantics theory of Fillmore in 1997, each word is related to a frame and relations between words indirectly derive from direct relationship with the frames. This is what can lead to polysemy. In FrameNet, which is considered a huge development in the formation of cognitive semantics, linguistic concepts are seen as related forms in a semantic network and representation of these frames in lexical units. In this descriptive-analytic study, some Persian verbs which are extracted from the dictionary of Anvari (1381) and have the meaning of becoming-aware, are selected in order to find all the semantic frames related to the various meanings of these lexical units on the one hand, and to define the relations between these seemingly different formats and their derivation from the main frame (Prototype) on the other hand. In so doing, the mechanisms of polysemy words in Persian FrameNet are explained.
Zohreh Khorvash; Ahmadreza Lotfi
Abstract
Following Talmy’s classification of world languages in to two-category of verb-framed (V-language) and satellite-framed (S-language) that distinguishes between languages in terms of their encoding patterns of motion events, there has been a lot of investigations on different lexicalization patterns ...
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Following Talmy’s classification of world languages in to two-category of verb-framed (V-language) and satellite-framed (S-language) that distinguishes between languages in terms of their encoding patterns of motion events, there has been a lot of investigations on different lexicalization patterns of motion events across spoken languages over the past decades. This paper examines how Persian native speakers lexicalize motion events and what pattern of spatial encoding they follow. To this end, 25 Persian native speakers were asked to watch 12 short animated cartoons representing voluntary motion carried out in vertical and trajectory direction. After recording and transcribing of the participants’ utterances, the analysis of responses indicated that Persian speakers encode manner information mainly in other linguistic means, and they are more willing to describe path of motion in satellites. Based on this pattern of spatial encoding, Persian speakers follow a mixed typology to encode motion events and Persian is categorized in both S- framed and V-framed typologies.
hayat ameri; reza kheirabadi; masume kheirabadi
Abstract
The present study scrutinized news stories of Persian-language newspapers within Mental Spaces theory. The concept of ‘Mental spaces’ was initially introduced by Fauconnier (1985). It was consequently developed by Fauconnier and Turner (2002) into a model entitled ‘Conceptual Integration ...
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The present study scrutinized news stories of Persian-language newspapers within Mental Spaces theory. The concept of ‘Mental spaces’ was initially introduced by Fauconnier (1985). It was consequently developed by Fauconnier and Turner (2002) into a model entitled ‘Conceptual Integration Theory’. Mental Spaces theory assumes that meaning is not simply pre-existing stored knowledge encoded by language; rather, it is a consequence of its usage in the context; as a result, it is possible to trace mental spaces created by authors based on linguistic features and relations among particles. In the present descriptive-analytical study, six news stories excerpted from two Persian daily newspapers, which reflected the same theme and event from different perspectives, were analyzed. The findings showed that news editors utilize different mental spaces to impose their opinions and beliefs on their audiences and to lead the news flow to a direction on which the base space, namely newspaper headline, has been based. The findings of this study can be applied to newspaper discourse analyses.
Raheleh Gandomkar
Abstract
Conceptual Metaphor Theory was first proposed by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in 1980 as one of the earliest theoretical frameworks of the cognitive semantics. Although it is not a novel view of metaphor and its tradition goes back to the historical-philological semantics, Conceptual Metaphor Theory ...
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Conceptual Metaphor Theory was first proposed by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in 1980 as one of the earliest theoretical frameworks of the cognitive semantics. Although it is not a novel view of metaphor and its tradition goes back to the historical-philological semantics, Conceptual Metaphor Theory attempts to adduce different kinds of evidence for the conceptual nature of metaphors. According to this theory, metaphors are not just rhetorical, but human thought is metaphorical in nature and conceptual structures are organized according to cross-domain mappings or correspondences between these domains. However, conceptual metaphors are made based on embodied experiences and human interaction with the world. According to this view, conceptual metaphors are unidirectional and they cannot be bi-directional. The present study criticizes the methodology with which metaphor is studied emphasizing bi-directionality of mapping instead of unidirectionality based on examples of spoken Persian. Also, the study points to the fact that there is no constraint on forming the conceptual metaphors and that everybody can add new conceptual metaphors of special domains.
Fatemeh Akoondi
Abstract
Every region’s language and dialect have a main influence on the formation of the people’s worldview and identity, but recently these languages and dialects have been left and ignorance endangered for reasons such as the effect of the standard language and inattention of the native speakers. ...
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Every region’s language and dialect have a main influence on the formation of the people’s worldview and identity, but recently these languages and dialects have been left and ignorance endangered for reasons such as the effect of the standard language and inattention of the native speakers. Therefore, the purpose of this essay presentation is to register and reserve one of these endangered local varieties. In the present study, agreement and case categories as two main elements of morphological alignment typology in the Khorramabad Lori language were surveyed. The method included preparing a 340 sentences questionnaire, interviewing 3 native speakers, registering, recording, transcribing, describing, and analyzing dialectal data, and at the end, eliciting grammatical patterns of the case and agreement categories in this language. Findings revealed that it is a nominative-accusative pattern for agreement and case categories in Lori. Finally, it was deduced that the typological system of morphological alignment is nominative-accusative consistently in the Khorramabad Lori language.
Qodrat Javdani
Abstract
The origin of language is veiled in mystery which has been running in many linguists’ minds. Having reviewed and criticized the presented theories in this regard, the current study introduces a new theory based on the interpretation and scientific analysis of the Holy Koran verses that is a combination ...
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The origin of language is veiled in mystery which has been running in many linguists’ minds. Having reviewed and criticized the presented theories in this regard, the current study introduces a new theory based on the interpretation and scientific analysis of the Holy Koran verses that is a combination of two previous theories. According to the religious rationale of this theory, gradual coinage of language and existence of the various language families are rejected. On the basis of the aforementioned theory, a language was received suddenly in two morphological and syntactic steps by Adam and Eve (peace be upon them); however, their children acquired languages gradually relying on their linguistic competence and inputs around them. Social and geographical factors resulted from people’s migration have led to the formation of different linguistic varieties. The present study concludes with introducing new exemplifications of the rhetoric and scientific aspects of the Koranic miracles
