Um Al-banin Khazaei; Shoja Tafakori Rezaei
Abstract
The present study sought to explore adverbs in Persian according to two generative viewpoints, namely the traditional adjunct-based approach and Cinqueʼs specifier-based approach. Accepting the categorization of adverbs into sentential and verbial ones, the study revealed that in Persian adverbs appear ...
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The present study sought to explore adverbs in Persian according to two generative viewpoints, namely the traditional adjunct-based approach and Cinqueʼs specifier-based approach. Accepting the categorization of adverbs into sentential and verbial ones, the study revealed that in Persian adverbs appear in sentence-initial, post-subject, and pre-verb phrase positions. It was also shown that only if the adverbs of manner appeared in the pre-verb position, they were interpreted as manner adverbs. However, when they occupied post-subject position, they were considered subject-oriented adverbs. Moreover, the heavy stress could make Persian adverbs appear in the initial position in sentences. The coordination of Persian adverbs was also evidenced. Although the relative order among higher and lower adverbs maintained by Cinque was not followed in Persian, it was concluded that specifier-based approach explains the position of adverbs in Persian in a better way.
Mosa Ghonchepoor
Abstract
In the present study, grammatical and lexical aspects and their types were studied in synthetic compounds of modern Persian. The research data was derived from the dissertation of Ghonchepour (2014) and includes 8579 synthetic compound words taken from Farhang-i-buzurg-i soxan (Anvari, 2007). The study ...
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In the present study, grammatical and lexical aspects and their types were studied in synthetic compounds of modern Persian. The research data was derived from the dissertation of Ghonchepour (2014) and includes 8579 synthetic compound words taken from Farhang-i-buzurg-i soxan (Anvari, 2007). The study of this corpus showed that grammatical and lexical aspects which have been reported in verbs and sentences are observed in synthetic compound words. The internal structure of Persian synthetic compound words showed time range and action or state phases of doing. Grammatical aspect in synthetic compound words is of two perfective and imperfective types. The perfective aspect includes the persistence, non-persistence, resultative and experiential types. Iterative, habitual and progressive aspects are subtypes of imperfective aspect. Based on [±durative], [±dynamic], [±scalar] and [±telic] features, two stative and dynamic synthetic compound nouns in Persian were differentiated. The dynamic lexical aspect includes non-scalar (action and semelfactive) and scalar categories. The scalar aspect was also classified into closed (two-point and multi-point) and open types.
Abdullah ezzat doust; Mojtaba Monshizadeh; Hayat Ameri
Abstract
This present research studies ergativity in the Taleshi dialect. This dialect is spoken in some parts of Guilan and appears in three main different types including Central, Northern, and Southern. The type of dialect surveyed in this article is the southern one. It is spoken in Sehsar village. The data ...
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This present research studies ergativity in the Taleshi dialect. This dialect is spoken in some parts of Guilan and appears in three main different types including Central, Northern, and Southern. The type of dialect surveyed in this article is the southern one. It is spoken in Sehsar village. The data are collected in a field study and by interviewing thirty native speakers of this dialect. Ergativity is a grammatical pattern in which the subject of an intransitive clause is treated in the same way as the object of a transitive clause, and differently from the transitive subject. This dialect follows a split-ergative system. This means that, in a present clause, it takes advantage of the nominative-accusative pattern, hence in a past transitive clause it takes advantage of the ergative-absolutive pattern. This research has been done to answer these questions: Is the ergative marker -i the only indicator of ergativity and ergative constructions in this dialect? Which constructions can be considered ergative ones? And on what factors is ergativity based on? After surveying language witnesses of this dialect, these findings have been achieved: Ergativity is not limited only to ergative marker -i , but oblique pronouns and plural nouns ending with -un in a transitive clause and past tense as well as perfect aspect can be the other indicators of ergative constructions. And finally, ergativity is based on past tense and perfect aspect.
Mehrzad Mansoori
Abstract
Observing Extended Projection Principle (EPP), a DP should be generated or moved to Spec of TP with or without Phonological form. As stated by Rizzy (1982), a pro drop language can have expletive or non-expletive pro. The study has indicated that expletive pro, hereafter “pro puč” (a Persian ...
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Observing Extended Projection Principle (EPP), a DP should be generated or moved to Spec of TP with or without Phonological form. As stated by Rizzy (1982), a pro drop language can have expletive or non-expletive pro. The study has indicated that expletive pro, hereafter “pro puč” (a Persian expression means empty), is more sophisticated than it seems in Persian linguistic words. The study has classified pro puč into five categories. The present corpus-based study has showed that expletive pro and its real pronoun cannot be used interchangeably in any of the contexts. Having searched pro puč in a qualified corpus, at least one case has been found in which expletive pro has been substituted with its non-expletive counterpart. Consequently, it has been argued that both form and function should be considered in language study, particularly in syntax.
fahimeh hkodaverdi
Abstract
The present study was an investigation of glottal stop phonetic variants in different positions of the words in Tehrani verbal variety of Persian. Acoustic evidences indicate that the articulation of different variants of the consonant including glottal closure, creaky voice and vowel compensatory lengthening ...
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The present study was an investigation of glottal stop phonetic variants in different positions of the words in Tehrani verbal variety of Persian. Acoustic evidences indicate that the articulation of different variants of the consonant including glottal closure, creaky voice and vowel compensatory lengthening followed by its deletion or weakening, in their occurrence contexts in initial, middle and final position of the words, is in accordance with the laryngeal phonation continuum. Vocal folds in larynx get different states while pulmonic airstream passes through them. This, in turn, results in changes in glottis openness. With gradual changes in the degree of glottis openness, from a completely close to a mid-open and then to a totally open state, the phonetic manifestations of complete closure (voicelessness state), creaky voice, modal voice and possibly, breathy voice are appeared. The present study revealed that every one of the above-mentioned glottis figures corresponds to one of the allophones of glottal stop consonant.
Rahela Hamidzai
Abstract
Dari Persian language, due to the increased amalgamation with Arabic language and acceptance of a number of new scientific, literary, religious, political terminologies and applying them in various poetical works and concepts, developed considerably in the 4th and early 5th centuries (Hijri calendar) ...
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Dari Persian language, due to the increased amalgamation with Arabic language and acceptance of a number of new scientific, literary, religious, political terminologies and applying them in various poetical works and concepts, developed considerably in the 4th and early 5th centuries (Hijri calendar) compared to 3rd century (Hijri calendar). As for the language used by poets and writers of this period compared with the subsequent literary period, fewer Arabic words and more original Dari Persian and Pahlavi language words can be observed. It should be stated that the poets and writers of this period were less influenced by Arabic grammatical rules and they were mostly observing Persian grammatical rules. Many scholars sought to write their works in Persian or use Persian equivalents to Arabic words. Avicina Balkhi and Abu-Rayhan Alberoni were two prominent scholars who strongly promoted the use of Dari Persian language.
Mulham Al-shair; Mohammad DabirMoghaddam; Rezamorad Sahraee
Abstract
As you know, in typology, languages are categorized on the basis of morphological, syntactic, and semantic features. These categories help linguistics to introduce language universals. This article aims to determine the word order typology in Standard Arabic. Standard Arabic is the standardized and literary ...
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As you know, in typology, languages are categorized on the basis of morphological, syntactic, and semantic features. These categories help linguistics to introduce language universals. This article aims to determine the word order typology in Standard Arabic. Standard Arabic is the standardized and literary variety of Arabic used in writing and in most formal speech throughout the Arab world. The results of the article are of importance in teaching Persian to Arab students. In this article, word-order of the Standard Arabic is analyzed on the basis of the 25 typological correlations (Dryer 1992 and Dabirmoghaddam 2014). The results suggest that Standard Arabic, in comparison to African, Eurasia languages and other languages, which Dryer indicated them in his article, has 20, 22 and 23 correlations of strong VO languages; and also, has 12, 8 and 8 correlations of strong OV languages. Thus, Standard Arabic has a tendency towards strong VO languages.
Golnaz Modarresi Ghavami; Sahand Elhami Khorasani
Abstract
Similarity avoidance- as a perceptual factor- is the basis of the phonotactics of a variety of languages. Stop consonants are considered to be ideal candidates for deletion as they have intrinsically weak perceptual cues, especially in final position. The present research study sought to explore the ...
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Similarity avoidance- as a perceptual factor- is the basis of the phonotactics of a variety of languages. Stop consonants are considered to be ideal candidates for deletion as they have intrinsically weak perceptual cues, especially in final position. The present research study sought to explore the relationship between the probability of final stop deletion in consonantal clusters and the degree of similarity between such stops and the other member of the cluster in Persian. To do so, all final consonantal clusters were analyzed considering the degree of similarity in voicing, place, and manner of articulation between the two consonants of the cluster. Data analysis demonstrated that the chance for the deletion of final stops increases as the similarity between the stop and the previous consonant in the cluster increases and that all three parameters of voicing, place, and manner are important in this regard. Patterns of final stop deletion in final clusters of Persian were analyzed using a perception-based approach within Optimality Theory framework, where markedness constraints rule out outputs that are perceptually weak and faithfulness constraints prevent any change in a perceptually strong input. Keywords: Stop consonant deletion, Consonant clusters, Optimality Theory, Similarity avoidance, Persian phonotactics.
Golnaz Modarresi Ghavami
Abstract
In western linguistics, ‘juncture’ is a technical term in phonetics which has its roots in American structuralism. Besides phonetics, the term is especially important in the areas of speech perception in psycholinguistics, text to speech conversion, and speech recognition in computational ...
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In western linguistics, ‘juncture’ is a technical term in phonetics which has its roots in American structuralism. Besides phonetics, the term is especially important in the areas of speech perception in psycholinguistics, text to speech conversion, and speech recognition in computational linguistics. In Persian phonetics and phonology, the equivalent chosen for the term ‘juncture’ has led to the misconception that it is equal to ‘pause’. This article is a review of some influential works in western linguistics, with the purpose of determining the exact meaning of the term ‘juncture’ and the phonetic features that are discussed under the title of juncture. It is argued that the chosen equivalent in Persian is not appropriate, as it implies the meaning of ‘pause’ and this is not the intended meaning of juncture in western linguistics. Showing a number of phonetic features that mark the boundaries of grammatical units in Persian, the equivalent of ‘boundary’ is suggested as a replacement.
Azadeh Mirzaei
Abstract
In morphological typology, languages are divided into the three categories of flectional, agglutinative and analytic-based, in terms of conveying grammatical relations such as tense, aspect, gender and the like. Accordingly grammatical features of the verb like agreement, tense, mood, causativity, ...
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In morphological typology, languages are divided into the three categories of flectional, agglutinative and analytic-based, in terms of conveying grammatical relations such as tense, aspect, gender and the like. Accordingly grammatical features of the verb like agreement, tense, mood, causativity, transitivity and so forth are expressed through either affixation, stem changing or the use of separate words. In Persian, such grammatical relations are mainly stated by dependent words, detached from the predicate; Persian, therefore, is analytic in verb inflection. The present study investigates the way of conveying grammatical relations of verb in Persian based on Role and Reference Grammar (Van Valin, 2005). In Role and Reference Grammar, the predicate of a clause is comprised of one of three nexus types: coordination, co-subordination or subordination. Considering the analytic nature of Persian in terms of conveying the verb’s grammatical relation, in this study, verb formation is studied at the level of nuclear juncture according to Role and Reference Grammar.
Mozhgan Homayounfar
Abstract
Ezafe has been studied for a long time by Iranian as well as non-Iranian linguists from different angles – from its morphological status – as a linker, clitic or phrasal affix- to its function – as a case-assigner, phonological linker or head marker inside NPs. This paper focuses on ...
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Ezafe has been studied for a long time by Iranian as well as non-Iranian linguists from different angles – from its morphological status – as a linker, clitic or phrasal affix- to its function – as a case-assigner, phonological linker or head marker inside NPs. This paper focuses on the status of Ezafe morpheme –e from all aspects of status, position in NPs and its function altogether chasing the goal of integrating all reliable ideas on it in one research. It shows Ezafe morpheme is an enclitic enters in the syntax of the phrase which links the head noun to its post-nominal modifiers such as adjective phrases, possessive NPs and nominal prepositional phrases. It attaches to the nominal heads as well as to the intermediate projections. The base-generated position of the head noun in Persian NPs is final but since there is a powerful tendency in prepositional languages for nominal heads to occupy the initial position of their projection, it moves to its surface position to the head of DP. Ezafe enclitic enters into the derivation of the noun phrase as a marker of this movement. This head-to-head movement happens in a cyclic manner, the nominal head uses the head position of all intermediate projections as the middle landing sites leaving a trace or a copy (according to the copy theory of movement, both in minimalist approach) behind, a copy which has sui generis morphological realization.
Solmaz Mahmoudi
Abstract
ersian relative clause is a post-nominal subordinate clause; that is, Persian relative construction which can be followed by a demonstrative has ‘Det N RC’ word order. The configuration of relative structure follows the base generated analysis: head noun base generated in the Spec, DP which ...
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ersian relative clause is a post-nominal subordinate clause; that is, Persian relative construction which can be followed by a demonstrative has ‘Det N RC’ word order. The configuration of relative structure follows the base generated analysis: head noun base generated in the Spec, DP which is co-indexed with pronoun inside the relative clause. In the present study, it is proposed that a base generation analysis of the head noun and its optional determiner in the Spec of the complex DP accounts more adequately for Persian data than raising analysis. Unlike English relative construction which uses the null operator, Persian relative construction allows a gap and an optional clitic pronoun to represent the head noun within the relative clause. The study sought to provide evidence supporting the above mentioned analysis. It was found that the relative element which occupies the relative gap is the pronoun clitic agreeing ɸ-features with that of relative head noun
Abstract
There are two different views on the nature of Universal Grammar at birth; namely, the lexical view and Full Tree view. Lexicalists contend that UG is incomplete, and maturity is the main factor for its development. But the advocates of Full Tree view insist on the child’s language tree being complete/full ...
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There are two different views on the nature of Universal Grammar at birth; namely, the lexical view and Full Tree view. Lexicalists contend that UG is incomplete, and maturity is the main factor for its development. But the advocates of Full Tree view insist on the child’s language tree being complete/full since the beginning, and believe interaction and input to be the reason for its actualization and development. Both views firmly believe that in the process of language acquisition, the child learns lexical categories before the functional ones.The consequence of this shared idea is a belief in a lack of representation of functional nodes, such as TP, CP, TopP, and FP in the early child syntax. Longitudinally studying the process of learning Persian of a Persian-speaking child, this study assesses this shared idea, and, presents several considerable evidence, to show that in the acquisition of Persian, firstly, the functional categories are learnt concurrently with the lexical categories, not after them, and, secondly, the functional nodes are fully discernable in child language, and the activity of functional categories is so extensive that it is even possible to present evidence of the child’s access to information structure.
Faramarz Mozhdekanlou
Abstract
In this research, teaching Persian to non-Persian speakers (AZFA) is considered as a discourse and its sociocultural dimension is studied under the light of critical discourse analysis (CDA) and critical classroom discourse analysis (CCDA), with a focus on culture and cultural teaching. The main goal ...
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In this research, teaching Persian to non-Persian speakers (AZFA) is considered as a discourse and its sociocultural dimension is studied under the light of critical discourse analysis (CDA) and critical classroom discourse analysis (CCDA), with a focus on culture and cultural teaching. The main goal of this analysis is to resolve common challenges on culture and cultural teachings in the AZFAs discourse and many of the common beliefs and impressions on the topic in question and these untrue, based beliefs are reviewed and by the critical attitude of this research are denaturalized and demythologized. The core data of this research are prepared by the survey method, which means to interview and talk with subjects and participants of AZFAs discourse. In this paper, based on 23 objective data, a deep gap between judgments and mental Propositions of the executives and agents of the AZFAs discourse has elucidated. This gap is in contrast with the truth about the culture and cultural teaching. Therefore, to provide a critical insight at teaching Persian to non-Persian speakers and to create a discourse-based framework on culture and cultural teachings, it is essential to make a fundamental change in our intellectual infrastructure, and fundamental revision about the issue of culture. This change is effective, when it comes to fairness and logic, and equally lies on actual and objective data which is extracted from the AZFAs discourse. Based on these data, solutions are provided in a comprehensive framework to solve mentioned gap and its related damages.
Hossein Bazoubandi; Mahinnaz Mirdehghan
Abstract
It is quite evident that children are capable to understand meanings which they are unable to produce correctly. Recent studies have also provided evidence that children occasionally produce correct forms that they do not understand yet. The present study seeks to focus on the question of “how ...
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It is quite evident that children are capable to understand meanings which they are unable to produce correctly. Recent studies have also provided evidence that children occasionally produce correct forms that they do not understand yet. The present study seeks to focus on the question of “how is it possible for children to produce correct forms that are not yet understood by them?” This question has recently came into the sharp focus of linguistics and psycholinguistics studies, and various explanations have been proposed thereof. Using a descriptive-analytic method, this paper aims to identify these studies and the explanations in which the asymmetry between linguistic production and linguistic comprehension have been dealt with. Among later explanations, the Bidirectional Optimality Theory (BOT) shows some potentiality in dealing with the asymmetry between these two dimensions and it seems more valid than other explanations accordingly. Nevertheless, the main hypothesis of the present research states that this almost strong theory also faces major challenges which question its validity. To support the claim, the paper indicates the following challenges: a) absence of a single concept about bidirectional optimality; b) confusion as to blocking process; c) disagreement over the way of ranking, type and number of constraints on a specific subject; and d) lack of transparency in adopting an appropriate comprehension model (e.g., top-down or bottom-up). As a result, BOT, like other approaches in the field, is not able to explain this asymmetry adequately in terms of theory and methodology.
Pooneh Abedin; Mohammad Dabirmoghadam
Abstract
Mood in a general sense, is the way the speaker utters and expresses the meaning of the sentence and illustrates how the event has occurred from the speaker's perspective. There are tools for expressing Mood in all languages of the world, including verbal mood, modal verbs, modal adverbs, and adjectives. ...
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Mood in a general sense, is the way the speaker utters and expresses the meaning of the sentence and illustrates how the event has occurred from the speaker's perspective. There are tools for expressing Mood in all languages of the world, including verbal mood, modal verbs, modal adverbs, and adjectives. Among the means of expressing the mood, the verbal mood is of particular importance because in expressing the concept of a proposition the burden is on the main verb. In this paper, the representation of verbal mood in the introduction to Abu Mansouri's Shahnameh is studied within the comments and Segmentation of Khanlari (1353 Volume II) and Halliday's Functional Grammar theoretical foundations (Halliday and Matthiessen 2014). This study shows that, despite the distinction between the two approaches, the verbal mood is represented through the verbal stem, based on tense (past and present) and the elements used in verb inflection (pre and post-verb elements). The differences between the two approaches will also be expressed in terms of the representation of Mood in Persian, including incompatibility in the non-indicative mood (subjunctive and injunctive) subscale.
Amir Zand-Moghadam; Seyran Jannati
Abstract
The notion of genre and its application in language teaching and learning has been given increasing attention in the past decades. Abstracts are an important area of inquiry in genre analysis. Therefore, identification and mastery of textual and rhetorical structures of abstracts can be beneficial. The ...
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The notion of genre and its application in language teaching and learning has been given increasing attention in the past decades. Abstracts are an important area of inquiry in genre analysis. Therefore, identification and mastery of textual and rhetorical structures of abstracts can be beneficial. The present study sought to analyze the rhetorical structure of thesis abstracts in TEFL (Teaching English as a Foreign Language) and TPSOL (Teaching Persian to Speakers of Other Languages). To this end, 80 abstracts from the two disciplines (40 abstracts from each discipline) were chosen from among the theses submitted between the years 2008 to 2013 at Allameh Tabataba"i University. Following Hyland"s (2000) five-move model, the textual organization and rhetorical structure of each abstract were analyzed. The findings revealed generic variations across the two disciplines, indicating the obligatory and common moves in the structure of abstracts. TPSOL abstracts displayed a stronger tendency to omit the conclusion move (M5) in contrast to TEFL abstracts in which M5 was considered a fundamental and significant move. Another striking difference emerged in terms of patterns of reordering and repetition of some moves which appeared among some TPSOL abstracts only. It can be concluded that TEFL abstracts are more consistent with the international norms and genre of academic writing. The findings have pedagogical implications for students, ESP instructors, materials developers, and syllabus designers, and provide suggestions for further research.
Fatemeh Bahrami
Abstract
The structure and use of languages reflect the society and culture in which they are used. The present study sought to delve into the pragmatic characteristics of Persian kinship terms on the basis of McGregor (2012) model, in order to discern the sociocultural elements that has influenced their formation ...
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The structure and use of languages reflect the society and culture in which they are used. The present study sought to delve into the pragmatic characteristics of Persian kinship terms on the basis of McGregor (2012) model, in order to discern the sociocultural elements that has influenced their formation and usage. The data were collected from Great Sokhan Dictionary (2004) and the usage was checked via selected contemporary Persian films, plays, and novels. It was found that the figurative use of Persian kinship terms to refer to closeness is dominated by ideology. For instance, “paternal guardianship” and “privity” has overtly shaped distinctions in the choice of terms referring to mother’s family versus father’s family. The commonality of the use of the term “amu” (referring to one’s uncle; father’s brother) versus “dâyee” (uncle; mother’s brother) while referring to male friends for the purpose of conveying a sense of closeness is a function of “privity”. In other words, a male friend should be associated with the same gender parent (father) and not with the opposite gender parent (mother). Furthermore, there are sets of Arabic kinship terms sometimes parallel to the Persian ones which could be selected and used to convey a sense of religiosity. It can be concluded that closeness and informality versus distance and formality together with age and social status are variables that have expanded the number of Persian kinship terms.
Morteza Dastlan
Abstract
Polygrammaticalization is a type of multiple development where a single form develops distinct grammatical functions in different constructions. The verb ‘xāstan’ is an instance of this phenomenon which conceptualizes specific notions of tense, aspect and modality in modern Persian. Xāstan, ...
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Polygrammaticalization is a type of multiple development where a single form develops distinct grammatical functions in different constructions. The verb ‘xāstan’ is an instance of this phenomenon which conceptualizes specific notions of tense, aspect and modality in modern Persian. Xāstan, as a lexical verb and with the meaning “to want something”, falls in “Volition” basic event schema. Since different parameters of grammaticalization are applied on the verb in the grammaticalization process, the verb xāstan transforms to a complex schema. As an auxiliary verb and in serial complex schema, xāstan conceptualizes the future tense. In the same complex schema but in different contexts, the verb expresses proximative and avertive aspects. When the verb xāstan falls in evaluative complex schema, it conceptualizes a new notion of modality in which the speaker requests addressee the permission of actualizing the verb by proposing a suggestion; as a result, it is called proposal modality. The main explanation of polygrammaticalization of the verb xāstan in Persian seems to be filling the functional gaps and satisfying the need of conceptualizing the grammatical functions not met by other grammatical forms.
Elahe Hoseyni Matak; Ehsan Changizi
Abstract
In Gilaki language, propositions like, "var / vir, virja, bija" are used to transfer the meaning "near, beside, with, by side of ...". These propositions, in addition to concept "place", also signify the concept of accompaniment. This paper is an attempt to investigate the core meaning of var, its semantic ...
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In Gilaki language, propositions like, "var / vir, virja, bija" are used to transfer the meaning "near, beside, with, by side of ...". These propositions, in addition to concept "place", also signify the concept of accompaniment. This paper is an attempt to investigate the core meaning of var, its semantic changes and the process of its grammaticalization using the data from Avestan and Middle Persian. Var's relationship with virja and bija is also discussed. Gilaki language’s data is provided by Rastorgueva et al. (2012) and some local poems. Var in Gilaki, is derived from varah in Avestan and war in Middle Persian (= chest). As the result of metonymic use of language, this word has got some meanings like "beside, with, by the side of …". By passing time, it has been used to point out the space around human, which is under his control. It is shown that this proposition is merged with the preposition ja / je and the result is the formation of the preposition virja. Since the core meaning of "var" signifies the human body and in categorical metaphor's model, human bodies associated with object-person category, these propositions also include the semantic feature of accompaniment. Moreover, the infinitive "manestan" (to resemble), have changed into proposition in the noun phrase constructions.
Ebrahim Rezapour; Shiva Ahmadi
Abstract
Nominalization is one of the metaphors introduced by Halliday, which is a part of ideational meta-function. The present research study is an attempt to investigate the role of nominalization in political Persian and English discourses from Van Dijk’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) perspective. ...
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Nominalization is one of the metaphors introduced by Halliday, which is a part of ideational meta-function. The present research study is an attempt to investigate the role of nominalization in political Persian and English discourses from Van Dijk’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) perspective. In so doing, it attempts to answer the following research questions: (1) Does nominalizations have any role in cohesion and coherence as well as in marginalization and highlighting in the text? (2) What’s ideological role of nominalization in Persian and English political discourse? (3) In which discourse (Persian or English) more nominalizations are used? By studying 22/5 pages of English newspapers (Guardian, USA Today, Telegraph and New York Times) and 22/5 pages of Persian newspapers (Keyhan, Qods and Shargh) focused principally on Iran’s nuclear program negotiations, it was discovered that nominalization can cause marginalization and highlighting by changing information construction of the sentence (theme and rheme), referring to presuppositions, using entailment, omitting the agent and changing the mental models. Nominalization helps the author to make reference to the background knowledge of the reader without giving any repetitive information (coherence). It also helps the writer to use nouns (next to each other) which have the same conceptual meaning (cohesion). Furthermore, it can be concluded that this metaphor is used more frequently in Persian newspapers than in English ones.
mahnush eskandari; Ali Saeidi
Abstract
In Persian, the complement subordinate clause is known as one of the direct dependents of the verb, but in Russian, it can also be dependent on the verb, noun, short adjective, or predicative adverbs. In this study, we have examined the types of complement clauses in Russian and Persian, and since the ...
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In Persian, the complement subordinate clause is known as one of the direct dependents of the verb, but in Russian, it can also be dependent on the verb, noun, short adjective, or predicative adverbs. In this study, we have examined the types of complement clauses in Russian and Persian, and since the main difference between these clauses in these two languages is in the words that need an obligatory dependent or complement, we will examine these words in Russian and also how to express these clauses in Persian. The purpose of this study is to find similarities and fundamental differences between the complement subordinate clause and the words that need a complement in both Russian and Persian by carefully examining the complement subordinate clause and the words that need a complement and obligatory dependent in both languages. Therefore, take a step to facilitate the teaching of Russian compound sentences to Persian-speaking students. Most Complement clauses in Persian are obligatory and dependent on verbs. Also, in the studies conducted, it was found that the complement clauses related to predicative adverbs in Russian are expressed in Persian with the complement clause related to evaluative, positive, and aspect verbs, and the clauses related to short adjectives in the Persian language come with the adverbial cause clause.Also, in the studies conducted, it was found that the complement clauses related to predicative adverbs in Russian are expressed in Persian with the complement clause related to evaluative, positive, and aspect verbs, and the clauses related to short adjectives in Persian language come with the adverbial cause clause.
Tahereh Mahmoodi Ahmadabadi
Abstract
The dialect of Ardakan is one of the Persian dialects in Yazd province in Iran, which attracts every linguist’s attention as a result of its abundance of compound verbs. The present study is aimed at analyzing different kinds of compound verbs in this dialect in terms of structure. The study sought ...
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The dialect of Ardakan is one of the Persian dialects in Yazd province in Iran, which attracts every linguist’s attention as a result of its abundance of compound verbs. The present study is aimed at analyzing different kinds of compound verbs in this dialect in terms of structure. The study sought to answer the following questions: Can the compound verbs be analyzed in the dialect according to Dabir-Moghaddam’s (1374) categorization? What kinds of compounds are more prevalent in the dialect? Is there any other classification in the structure which can be added to those proposed by Dabir-Moghaddam? It was found that Dabir-Moghddam’s classification of compound verbs can be applied to the data gathered in the present study. Also, it was observed that there were some other classifications in the dialect which can be added to those proposed by Dabir-Moghaddam.
Ali Mohammadyarlou
Abstract
Prepositions play an important role in the meaning of Persian sentences and in teaching/ learning this language, one of the most difficult points is the discussion of prepositions. In second language learning, these letters are in the last category of categories that language learners learn. Therefore, ...
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Prepositions play an important role in the meaning of Persian sentences and in teaching/ learning this language, one of the most difficult points is the discussion of prepositions. In second language learning, these letters are in the last category of categories that language learners learn. Therefore, it is necessary for Persian language textbooks to pay special attention to teaching these letters. The purpose of this study is to study the Persian-to-Persian teaching set from the perspective of teaching these letters in order to study the teaching methods, the number of additional letters taught and the frequency of their occurrence. The reason for choosing this collection is its versatility and wide range of users. The results of the research indicate that the teaching method of these letters is traditional, educational and in some cases inductive/ implicit and the learners should learn them through the examples provided or reading the texts and through exploratory. Of the 89 simple and compound/ group suffixes used, the most frequent occurrence of those letters is 'to, to, in, from, with and for.' Using appropriate images for teaching, not using intermediate language, using input reinforcement technique, pointing out the consonance of some verbs with special prepositions of strengths and not referring to the pronunciation of prepositions, using only inductive and footnote methods- Disorders are one of the weaknesses of this collection. The results of the present study can be used by the authors of such books.
elham sobati
Abstract
The present study focuses on compensatory lengthening of vowel in Ilami Kurdish variants on the basis of Moraic Theory. In Moraic Theory, one segment is removed from phonological layer but its mora remains in moraic layer. In the above-mentioned variants compensatory lengthening occurs following deleting ...
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The present study focuses on compensatory lengthening of vowel in Ilami Kurdish variants on the basis of Moraic Theory. In Moraic Theory, one segment is removed from phonological layer but its mora remains in moraic layer. In the above-mentioned variants compensatory lengthening occurs following deleting consonants like /?/, /j/ and /h/ and a vowel is lengthened following their deletion. In current study, the researcher, being a native speaker of Ilami Kurdish variant (Feily) and familiar with other Ilami Kurdish variants, collected data from 20 informants by interviewing with them. A descriptive-analytic approach was adopted in the study. Some of the most remarkable results of this research study are as follows: (1) The main motivation behind compensatory lengthening is maintaining moraic weight of word which was demonstrated through non-linear analysis; thus, Moraic Theory can efficiently describe the compensatory lengthening in Ilami Kurdish variants; (2) Only three consonants, namely /h/, /j/ and /x/, have syllable weight, whose deletion leads to compensatory lengthening of vowel; (3) The maximum mora in Ilami Kurdish variants is three; (4) In Ilami Kurdish varients, the nature of the long vowels are changed as a result of deletion of moraic consonants following them.
