Hassan Bashirnezhad; Somayeh Mohammadi
Abstract
The present study examines the lexical and syntactic development of dissimilar Persian-speaking twins named Behzad and Behnam over a period of ten months (from the beginning of 21 months to the beginning of 31 months). This study seeks to find out what differences and similarities there are in the syntactic ...
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The present study examines the lexical and syntactic development of dissimilar Persian-speaking twins named Behzad and Behnam over a period of ten months (from the beginning of 21 months to the beginning of 31 months). This study seeks to find out what differences and similarities there are in the syntactic and lexical development of these twins, despite the fact that the two children grow up in the same language environment. The data of this study were collected through rapid observation and recording of data in a notebook, audio and video recording using a video camera and audio recorder, as well as the diary of the mother of the twins in which children's language products were recorded. The investigation of the collected data and their comparative analysis each month shows a significant difference between the lexical and syntactic development of the twins. Although in the early months of the study, Behzad had a much higher language ability compared to his twin brother, Behnam, from the fourth month of the study, a significant increase in Behnam's lexical and syntactic growth rate was observed. Considering that the language development environment of these two children, both in the family and in the kindergarten, has often been the same, the existence of differences in the lexical and syntactic developmental stages of these two children can be attributed to the difference in innate and inherited linguistic talent of these two children. Dizygotic twins do not have exactly the same chromosomal structure. The results of this study show creative mental activities in two children, which is evidenced by the existence of numerous cases of over-extension and overgeneralization.
mohammad sahebi; Navid Firuzi
Abstract
Khafi is one of the dialects of Persian which is common in the city of Khaf (situated in Khorasan Province). The Dialect has a number of differences from Standard Persian regarding phonetics, phonology, and morphology. In this article, simple vowels in the Khafi dialect are described and categorized ...
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Khafi is one of the dialects of Persian which is common in the city of Khaf (situated in Khorasan Province). The Dialect has a number of differences from Standard Persian regarding phonetics, phonology, and morphology. In this article, simple vowels in the Khafi dialect are described and categorized through minimal pairs and according to generative phonological theory. In order to study and perform an accurate and quantitative comparison, an acoustic experiment is carried out involving eight male speakers in the city of Khaf and within the framework of Source-Filter theory, the acoustic features of these vowels are studied and measured in an unstressed open syllable. In this article, first of all, the average frequency of first and second formants (quality acoustic correlates) of simple vowels in Khafi and Standard Persian are presented on the hertz scale and the average duration of these vowels is presented according to the millisecond, then the quantitative difference of acoustic features of the vowels in Khafi from Standard Persian is measured according to percentage and the results are analyzed. Acoustic vowel space in the Khafi dialect is drawn. In order to study these vowels concerning auditory, the quantity of first and second formants are changed from hertz to auditory and non-linear Bark measurement and are shown in a table then based on these numbers and in order to study the similarities and differences more accurately, Euclidean distance of the vowels in Khafi with the vowels in Standard Persian are calculated.
Elinaz Farmahini Farahani; zahra abolhassani chimeh
Abstract
The present study investigated the relationship between native speakers’ attitude towards their language and the level of their language endangerment based on UNESCO’s operational document of living and endangered languages (2003). The data were collected using a researcher-made attitude ...
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The present study investigated the relationship between native speakers’ attitude towards their language and the level of their language endangerment based on UNESCO’s operational document of living and endangered languages (2003). The data were collected using a researcher-made attitude form from 10 villages in three provinces in Iran, namely Tehran, Alborz, and Hormozgan. The results were analyzed through the SPSS statistical software. The findings of the study indicated a positive significant correlation between two variables of native speakers’ attitude and the level of language endangerment. In other words, when the native speakers’ attitude is positive, their language and social identity have safer condition, and when the native speakers’ attitude is negative, it is predicated that language is in serious danger. The present study suggests that to preserve a language, upgrading the native speakers’ attitudes is one of the main solutions.
Golnaz Ghafourisaleh; Foroogh Kazemi
Abstract
The use of metaphor as a linguistic strategy has long been considered by politicians around the world. The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the function of conceptual metaphor from the perspective of Lakoff and Johnson (1980) in the speeches of three members of the Government of prudence ...
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The use of metaphor as a linguistic strategy has long been considered by politicians around the world. The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the function of conceptual metaphor from the perspective of Lakoff and Johnson (1980) in the speeches of three members of the Government of prudence and hope: Mr. Rouhani, Jahangiri and Zarif. The main issue of the research is to show how conceptual metaphors are expressed in the words of these political authorities and how their function in organizing political realities can be explained. For this purpose, we have collected the data in a library research method and examined it analytically. The results indicate that political metaphors are used in different source domains: route, personification (humans, animals and plants), war, sports, buildings and natural phenomena, among which, the route is the most And the natural phenomena has had the least use. The results show that metaphor has an important rhetorical and persuasive usage in political discourse and plays an important role in conveying the political messages of prudence and hope government’s members. What is clear is that metaphor, in addition to facilitating the analysis of political issues for the audience, has given these politicians the opportunity to more easily explain their issues in order to arouse the audience's emotions. With the help of metaphor, they try to highlight or hide some aspects of political discourse so that they can persuade the audience to apply their beliefs. It should be said that conceptual metaphors with different appearances have been manifested in line with the purposes of the government of Prudence and Hope discourse, called Moderation discourse. Thus, metaphors can be used by journalists, political analysts, and political discourse researchers as an effective and powerful tool to analyze the messages of political officials and facilitate the decoding of their words. Therefore, the results of this study can be useful for this group of experts and ultimately to measure the political pulse of the country.
Azadeh Mirzaei
Abstract
Conditional constructions consist of two clauses. The existence or non-existence of a causal relationship between these two clauses causes the conditional construction to be divided into two groups: consequential and non- consequential conditionals. The literature review of conditional concept shows ...
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Conditional constructions consist of two clauses. The existence or non-existence of a causal relationship between these two clauses causes the conditional construction to be divided into two groups: consequential and non- consequential conditionals. The literature review of conditional concept shows that it can be introduced a variety of conditional constructions according to various criteria though sometimes the same phenomena differ in how they are named. In the present study, by reviewing the literature and based on the corpus-based approach in the Persian language, it was attempted to provide a model that covers various types of conditional construction according to similarities and differences in their properties. The findings showed that in addition to open, hypothetical, real, rhetorical, relevant and implicit assertion conditional construction, the four different types of conditionals including contrastive, implicational contrastive, converse and reverse conditionals can be also introduced. In the contrastive conditional, both clauses describe some related property but differ in some values assigned to the shared property. In implicational contrastive conditional, there is a contrast relationship between one clauses and the inference of the other one. In the converse conditional, contrary to the basic conditional, the "if clause” is the result of the second clause and in the reverse conditionals both clauses simultaneously are conditioned by the other one.
Tahereh Ishani; Zeinab Barzegari
Abstract
For the analysis of any text based on Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG), three matafunctions are considered: textual, interpersonal, and ideational. The ideational matafunction is divided into experiential and logical functions. In experiential function, language expresses the experiences of the outside ...
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For the analysis of any text based on Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG), three matafunctions are considered: textual, interpersonal, and ideational. The ideational matafunction is divided into experiential and logical functions. In experiential function, language expresses the experiences of the outside world. The product of this function is transitivity that is used to specify different types of processes found in the verb. In the present study, after analyzing randomly selected anecdotes and wisdoms in Golestan and Baharestan, the differences between the applications of verbs in the two texts were analyzed using experiential function. Despite the significant differences in Sa’di and Jami’s writing style, the results of comparing selected parts indicated less application of behavioral and existential processes, and more frequency of relational and material processes. As a result, it may be concluded that although Sa’di and Jami have not discussed the origins of the issues in the two works, they have given greater consideration to the actors’ behavior as well as their account of events. It suggests that the use of different types of processes depends more on the content of the two works than on their writing style and linguistic characteristics.
Reza Pishghadam; Shima Ebrahimi
Abstract
Binary oppositions have long been helping humans to label what is going on around, and sometimes put them on the horns of a dilemma. Such a reflection can be traced in people’s cultures, and since language is an indispensable part of a culture, examining cultulings (culture + language) can help ...
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Binary oppositions have long been helping humans to label what is going on around, and sometimes put them on the horns of a dilemma. Such a reflection can be traced in people’s cultures, and since language is an indispensable part of a culture, examining cultulings (culture + language) can help us understand the beliefs and values of a given society. The present study, therefore, utilizes Hymes’ (1967) SPEAKING model to qualitatively analyze “the Cultuling of Liminality.” To this end, 712 contexts and 317 utterances, in which binary oppositions had been used were chosen based on purposive sampling and by observing private/public, formal/informal dialogues from 115 female and 97 male speakers (15 to 74 years old), from different academic backgrounds, professions, and social status from Mashhad, Iran. The results indicated that Iranians use this cultuling for different purposes (e.g., showing uncertainty, avoiding direct remarks and misunderstandings, defending, shirking responsibilities, showing mental struggles, avoiding stress, observing formalities, and lack of knowledge) in different contexts. This cultuling can be used as an indicator of high ambiguity intolerance in Iranian culture, meaning that they do not like to be in limbo, and due to their collectivist nature, they use binary oppositions to express their suspense to directly/indirectly ask for help to make decisions and to be out of liminality.
Mousa Ghonchepour
Abstract
This article studies stative, activity, accomplishment and achievement lexical aspects based on evidence from Persian and represents aspectual tree diagrams for them. Data analysis shows that events have various stative-dynamic interpretations. Internal argument does not play any role in stative aspectual ...
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This article studies stative, activity, accomplishment and achievement lexical aspects based on evidence from Persian and represents aspectual tree diagrams for them. Data analysis shows that events have various stative-dynamic interpretations. Internal argument does not play any role in stative aspectual events and collocation of these events with durative adverbs indicates their atelic and lack of aspectual interpretation domain while internal argument contrary to external one plays a role in aspectual interpretation of dynamic activity, accomplishment and achievement events. [±quantity] of internal argument against definite or indefinite argument has an effect on aspectual interpretation of events. Aspectual projection and [±telicity] of an event are located on predication phrase and external argument is out of aspect and domain of aspectual interpretation. Activity events have only the aspectual feature while the achievement and accomplishment events holds both and aspectual features. These events contrary to stative events have no aspectual features. The and aspectual features of accomplishment events are located on different nodes having structural dominance on each other while the and aspectual features of achievement events are located on one node and they have no dominance on each other. The variability of lexical aspect between dynamic and static events and the ambiguous aspectual interpretation of activity-achievement and activity-accomplishment events proves that lexical meaning of verbs does not play a role in determining lexical aspect. Moreover, the existence of two different structures for the same meaning confirms that lexical aspect is syntactic.
Saeede Shoja razavi
Abstract
There is a great deal of research in the field of lexical polynomials today.The present study also deals with the polynomial approach of verb (dinmeh) in cognitive approach to poetry in poetry (Achi Machi Sleep), by Shivan Foomani. This research can be the initiator of some studies that we ...
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There is a great deal of research in the field of lexical polynomials today.The present study also deals with the polynomial approach of verb (dinmeh) in cognitive approach to poetry in poetry (Achi Machi Sleep), by Shivan Foomani. This research can be the initiator of some studies that we can study dialects not only with phonetic and syntactic science but also with semantic knowledge. The statistical population of the present study is the most widely used verb in visual poetry in the poetry of Shivan Foomani Because in this poem, all kinds of verbs of seeing and its semantic variety are well mentioned. The important issue in this study is that How highlighting insemantic components of verb can create multiple meanings. There are three semantic components of the verb, the subject, and the comprehension. All three of these elements are equally involved in the semantic structure of the verb in constructing a syllable but as we move away from the meaning of the syllogism, this verb has changed and we have been highlighted in one or two elements. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The survey shows that this verb, in addition to the concept of seeing expressions of concepts: imagining, dreaming, imagining, assuming, forgetting, praying, cursing, hearing, eating, smelling, understanding, understanding, understanding, precision, sharing, receiving, witnessing, being It is facing, facing, experiencing and visualizing.
Farzad Baloo
Abstract
Saussure, the founder of the new linguistics, opened a new chapter in the contemplation of language and influenced the different intellectual and linguistic currents of the 20th century. Gadamer, on the other hand, is the most important figure of philosophical hermeneutics who, by putting language at ...
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Saussure, the founder of the new linguistics, opened a new chapter in the contemplation of language and influenced the different intellectual and linguistic currents of the 20th century. Gadamer, on the other hand, is the most important figure of philosophical hermeneutics who, by putting language at the center of it, has come up with a new scheme of understanding the event. Since these two thinkers have analyzed and discussed common themes around language In this research, we aim to design and compare Saussure and Gadamer's linguistic views on topics such as: The nature of language, the sign of language, the instrumentality or non-existence of language, human society (tradition) and language, Lange and Parol, definition and status of symbols,, speech and writing, diachrony or . or synchrony studies of language, etc. Illustrate the similarities and differences of their views and open new horizons in linguistic contemplation with linguistic and philosophical perspectives
yaser bakhshiyan; ali allah bedashti; abas izadpanah
Abstract
Philosophy of religion is a new area of study in the field of epistemology. The topic of the language of religion, as one of the important branches of this science, is of particular importance. One of the current prominent philosophers of religion is John Hick. He extends Wiganstein’s “linguistic ...
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Philosophy of religion is a new area of study in the field of epistemology. The topic of the language of religion, as one of the important branches of this science, is of particular importance. One of the current prominent philosophers of religion is John Hick. He extends Wiganstein’s “linguistic game” theory and the general interpretation of the “experience of the kind” to all areas of behavior and religious experiences to arrive at religious pluralism. In fact, Hick based his philosophy of religion on the language and thought boundaries of Wigtenstein and Kant. The important results obtained from John Hick’s method and principles and its extension to all domains makes research on it indispensable. Therefore, the present research study sought to explore and criticize the principles of John Hick’s philosophy of religion and the role of linguistics in the knowledge obtained. The key findings of the study are the existence of a superficial look in linguistics and the lack of belief in the definition of meaning in non-experimental sciences.
Abdolhossein Heydari
Abstract
This paper attempted to study the vocabulary tasks of Persian writing textbooks used at primary schools (4th, 5th and 6th grades) based on lexical knowledge taxonomy. The research method of this paper is descriptive-analytic. At first, the vocabulary tasks of Persian writing textbooks were accounted ...
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This paper attempted to study the vocabulary tasks of Persian writing textbooks used at primary schools (4th, 5th and 6th grades) based on lexical knowledge taxonomy. The research method of this paper is descriptive-analytic. At first, the vocabulary tasks of Persian writing textbooks were accounted and they were classified according to the taxonomy. The data has been analyzed by using SPSS. Results from the codification of explicit vocabulary tasks showed that the majority of vocabulary tasks in the writing textbooks have been allocated to the writing form aspect but the frequency of other aspects of vocabulary knowledge such as collocation is very low. In addition, allocating 80 percent of explicit vocabulary tasks to receptive tasks in comparison to only 20 percent of productive tasks shows that vocabulary task designing is unbalanced in the textbooks. However, these books have been designed to teach the writing skill which is a productive skill. The results of analytical statistics indicate that there is not a significant difference between different aspects of vocabulary knowledge in the textbooks, but the difference between the two kinds of vocabulary tasks in these books is significant. It is proposed that the vocabulary tasks of the textbooks should be corpus-based. In addition, different aspects of vocabulary knowledge should be realized in different kinds of textbooks’ vocabulary tasks to be exposed repeatedly by the students. Because repetition is an important factor in learning vocabulary. The findings of this study can be useful both to textbook designers and teachers.
Mozhgan Rashtchi; Samaneh Tarighat; Roya Khoii
Abstract
The aim of the present study was two-fold. First, it intended to investigate the relationship between perspective taking and bilingualism; second, it studied gender differences in perspective taking. To do so, a total of 100 balanced bilinguals and their 100 matching monolinguals (based on age, gender, ...
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The aim of the present study was two-fold. First, it intended to investigate the relationship between perspective taking and bilingualism; second, it studied gender differences in perspective taking. To do so, a total of 100 balanced bilinguals and their 100 matching monolinguals (based on age, gender, and socioeconomic status) were selected. The participants completed a self-assessment sheet which could help the researchers to label them as bilinguals or monolinguals. A Persian translation of the Perspective Taking section of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index by Davis (1983) was administered. The questionnaire consisted of Likert-type questions which had positive and negative scores. Two independent-samples t-tests were run to compare the perspective taking of monolinguals to that of the bilinguals and to examine whether there is a difference between the female and male participants’ perspective taking. The results of the first t-test indicated that the bilinguals had higher perspective taking than the monolinguals. Furthermore, the second t-test showed that the female participants outperformed the male participants in perspective taking.
Maryam Farnia; Nasrin Abedian
Abstract
The present study, utilizing a descriptive approach and quantitative analysis, analyzed questions in the political interviews in Iran and the United States in order to show what types of adversarial are used in the journalists’ questions and whether there are differences in the use of adversarial ...
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The present study, utilizing a descriptive approach and quantitative analysis, analyzed questions in the political interviews in Iran and the United States in order to show what types of adversarial are used in the journalists’ questions and whether there are differences in the use of adversarial between Iranian and American journalists. To this end, the questions addressing the presidents in Iran (i.e. Presidents AhmadiNejad and Roohani) and presidents in the US (i.e. Presidents Obama and Trump), around 70 journalists (35 in each corpus) in political press conference, were randomly collected from 2012 to 2017. The data were then analyzed based Clayman et al.’s (2006) framework to examine how language is used to express adversarial questions. The findings showed that preface tilt was significantly used more in American corpus while other-referencing frames and global adversarial were significantly used more in Iranian corpus. Moreover, in the two corpora, negative questions were the least frequently used type of question and declarative questions was absent in American corpus.
Rouhollah Yaghoubi; Ferdows Aghagolzadeh; Aliyeh Kord Zafaranlu Kambuziya
Abstract
The present research describes and analyzes the Grammatical Metaphors of modality in the listening module of the TOEFL official books. The present descriptive study used a qualitative content analysis approach, and data were collected via documentary method. In this regard, three official TOEFL iBT books, ...
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The present research describes and analyzes the Grammatical Metaphors of modality in the listening module of the TOEFL official books. The present descriptive study used a qualitative content analysis approach, and data were collected via documentary method. In this regard, three official TOEFL iBT books, printed and endorsed by ETS, including a total of fourteen tests were selected: The official guide to the TOEFL test (2017), and Official TOEFL iBT (Vol.1, and Vol.2). In the listening module of each test, there are six texts in the form of conversation and lecture. First, each clause of the texts was separately examined. Then, modality metaphors were compared and analyzed in terms of type and frequency. In total, 31 conversation texts and 53 lecture texts were analyzed. Finally, a total number of 264 modality grammatical metaphors were identified. The results indicated that: 1- Modality metaphors entail a higher frequency in lecture texts than the texts of conversations, 2- The frequency of explicit subjective metaphors has a higher frequency than explicit objective metaphors. Therefore, all types of modality grammatical metaphor were found in the TOEFL texts. Considering this concept and teaching it to language learners can help them have a better comprehension and production of scientific texts..
Elham Khodaee; Mandana Nourbakhsh
Abstract
Minjaee is the general name of some dialects of Luri that are known as Khorramabadi, Balageriveie, Silakhori, Boroujerdi, Malayeri, and so on. This study presents the acoustic parameters such as the first formant frequency and second formant frequency of Minjaee Luri monophthongs. As well it aims at ...
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Minjaee is the general name of some dialects of Luri that are known as Khorramabadi, Balageriveie, Silakhori, Boroujerdi, Malayeri, and so on. This study presents the acoustic parameters such as the first formant frequency and second formant frequency of Minjaee Luri monophthongs. As well it aims at studying the effect of gender and syllable (open and close) on these parameters. Finally, it is possible to obtain the vowel space diagram of Khorramabadi and Balageriveie dialects. The acoustic parameters of Minjaee Luri vowels /i/, /ɪ/, /ʏ/, /e/, /ø/, /a/, /ə/, /u/, /o/, /ɑ/, have been studied according to totally 1217 phonetic samples, produced by 18 participants (12 males and 6 females). Phonetic samples were analyzed by using PRAAT and the results were analyzed by SPSS. The study results were reported in two parts of descriptive and analytical statistics. According to the first formant frequency, vowels /a/ and /i/ are the highest and lowest vowels, respectively. Vowel /i/ shows the highest second formant frequency and is the frontest vowel in this dialect. While vowel /a/ in males and vowel /o/ in females are the most back ones. The vowel roundedness was investigated; it reduces the second formant of vowels. Men’s first and second formant frequencies are lower than women’s.
Alireza Omidbakhsh
Abstract
The European renaissance, as the historians claim, is a scientific, cultural, artistic, literary, political, and economic “rebirth”. Their approach in defining renaissance is not flawless, and it reminds the famous quotation: “history is written by the victors” because such a ...
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The European renaissance, as the historians claim, is a scientific, cultural, artistic, literary, political, and economic “rebirth”. Their approach in defining renaissance is not flawless, and it reminds the famous quotation: “history is written by the victors” because such a definition of renaissance presents it as a separated historical period born independently in the course of history. It seems that the renaissance was the beginning of all changes and discoveries in the world where before, in the Middle Ages, there did not existed significant events worth mentioning. The present research is a response to this mistaken reading of the history of the renaissance in Europe. By focusing on the establishment and development of the Toledo translation movement, the present research tries to highlight the significant role of the translation movements in the construction of the renaissance and all its related important events and phenomena. Furthermore, the research depicts the evolution of scientific and cultural streams in the Moslem world and their gradual transference to Europe through translation movements. This article demonstrates that how multicultural, multilingual, and stable political conditions convert Toledo into the cradle of the Translation movement in which many scholars from different countries by their translations paved the way for the development of science in different fields for upcoming periods.
Sadollah Homayooni; Maryam Fouladi
Abstract
One of the main challenges in teaching Arabic language is teaching the phonetic system in a systematic method Because language learners need to understand different phonetic levels through practical training in order to establish communicate purposefully and interact properly with native speakers, so ...
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One of the main challenges in teaching Arabic language is teaching the phonetic system in a systematic method Because language learners need to understand different phonetic levels through practical training in order to establish communicate purposefully and interact properly with native speakers, so that in addition to acceptable and comprehensible pronunciation in their interactions, they can provide correct verbal and non-verbal reactions to the spoken word. Therefore, the present study intends to study the task-based approach in teaching the Arabic sounds with a descriptive-comparative method. The results indicate that main difference between Persian sounds and Arabic is in the fourth level of difficulty (θ /ħ /ð /sˤ /dˤ /tˤ /ðˤ /ʕ /ɣ) and then in the third level (z /s /ʃ /dʒ /k /q /w). the task-based approach with the “pre-task phase” makes the learner cognitively aware of these differences as well as the level of Suprasegmental and creates the necessary preparations, then in the stage During task with emphasis on all aspects of language at the level of Segmental and suprasegmental of speech and behaviorally reinforce them by engaging the learner in applied tasks based on their needs in communication situations, emphasizing pivotal interaction. So that by using real tasks and in the context of the audio text, in addition to placing the learner in areal communication situation, the challenge of changing the properties of sounds, is solved by accompaniment, and by stabilizing the cognitive dimension and repetition of tasks in quasi-real situations in the post-task phase. In creases the communication ability of language learners. Therefore, it can be said that the task-based approach is quite suitable for use in teaching the phonetic system of the Arabic language.
Seyed Mahdi Nuriyan; Sara Mohammadi
Abstract
Standard language is a genre of writing in scientific and academic contexts whose main objective is the fast and accurate transfer of concepts to the audience. For more than half a century there have been discussions among scholars as to the definition and instances of the standard language. Although ...
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Standard language is a genre of writing in scientific and academic contexts whose main objective is the fast and accurate transfer of concepts to the audience. For more than half a century there have been discussions among scholars as to the definition and instances of the standard language. Although there is no consensus among scholars vis-à-vis the standard language, it can be said that this language register has established itself through contemporary, and scientific written texts published in books and academic journals. This paper aims to describe standard language and show its uses and examples in the works of one of the prolific and outstanding contemporary writers, namely, Mohammad-Ali Eslami Nodushan. The results reveal that Eslami Nodushan has followed the role model of distinguished Persian writers such as Sa'adi while simultaneously has distanced himself from literary devices and has opted for an error-free language. Also, he was more inclined to write short and simple sentences and he could prove his own abilities and show his personal style and flexibility. Writing for more than sixty years, Eslami Nodushan has left behind a prose based on the natural functions of language that ordinary people can communicate with and experts have taken a liking to.
Abbas Safardoost; Aliyeh Kord Zafaranlu Kambuziya
Abstract
In the first part of the article, we looked at the distribution of nasals in Persian (: m & n) to determine how they are distributed in consonant clusters. The results suggest that there is a strong tendency among nasals to be complementarily distributed in the consonant clusters of etymologically ...
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In the first part of the article, we looked at the distribution of nasals in Persian (: m & n) to determine how they are distributed in consonant clusters. The results suggest that there is a strong tendency among nasals to be complementarily distributed in the consonant clusters of etymologically Persian words. In the second part of the article, we asked, what are the distributional-phonological characteristics of loanwords in Persian? The results suggest that the distribution of phonological features of loanwords tends to be more dispersed and more balanced than the corresponding features in etymologically Persian words. However, if in the process of borrowing new words, a specific morphological structure of the donor language has been extensively borrowed by the recipient language, such distinctions have been weakening. Furthermore, we suggested that multiple donor languages and the randomness of the borrowing process are two reasons why phonological features of loanwords are more dispersed and more balanced. We also explained why the nC cluster is the most frequent nasal cluster in Persian. We suggested that the reason lies in the fact that n has an oral stop stricture, a property that has been ignored in the description of nasals, which makes it a proper candidate to co-occur with 16 obstruent consonants of Persian. Our data came from a lemmatized corpus-driven list of words, which contains 55000 words.
Javad Naderi; Tohid Siami
Abstract
This research is an attempt to investigate the interactional metadiscourse markers in the inaugural speeches of the U.S. and Russian presidents (from 1991- 2018) within the framework of Hyland’s interpersonal metadiscourse model. The data were collected from the transcription of the speeches of ...
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This research is an attempt to investigate the interactional metadiscourse markers in the inaugural speeches of the U.S. and Russian presidents (from 1991- 2018) within the framework of Hyland’s interpersonal metadiscourse model. The data were collected from the transcription of the speeches of the respective Presidents and quantitative and qualitative methods were used to analyze the collected data. To analyze the data statistically and to calculate and determine the significance of the differences Chi-square test was used. The result of the analysis showed a significant difference in the use of interactional metadiscourse markers in the inaugural speeches the Presidents of the two countries. With a closer analysis, this point also was made clear that there was a significant difference in the use of boosters and hedges. Also, statistical calculations showed that there is a significant difference in using engagement markers; this significant difference was seen especially in the use of self-mention markers..
Mohammad bagher Mirzaei hesarian
Abstract
The research's aim is to become more familiar with the grammatical features of writings of Chinese learners of Persian (CLP). The main question is how is the grammatical structure of noun groups (NG) in the writings of CLPs level B2. Determining the most used and least used dependencies of the NGs in ...
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The research's aim is to become more familiar with the grammatical features of writings of Chinese learners of Persian (CLP). The main question is how is the grammatical structure of noun groups (NG) in the writings of CLPs level B2. Determining the most used and least used dependencies of the NGs in CLP's writing and also measuring the effectiveness of Bateni's descriptive grammar are among the sub-question of the research. The research is descriptive-analytical and uses a corpus of the final writing test of the 36 CLPs in the Persian language teaching center of IKIU. According to the findings, most of the NGs (84%) had no dependents; in single-dependent NGs, which accounted for 15% of the total NGs, the following dependencies of "noun", "adjective" and the leading dependent "deixis & quantifier" had the highest frequency. In the two-dependent NGs, which had about 1% of the total NGs, and also in the few three and four-dependent NGs, the "noun" and "adjective" dependent had the highest frequency. In general, the findings indicate the ability or low willingness of Persian learners to expand the internal structure of NGs with ahead and follower dependents. At a more detailed level, the findings show the ability or willingness of CLPs to use follower dependencies than leading dependents. It seems that by teaching the grammatical structure of the NG to Persian learners, the quality of their writing can be increased. The research also confirms the effectiveness of Bateni's descriptive grammar in accurately describing the writings of CLPs.
Leila Gholipour Hsasnkiadeh; Foroogh Kazemi
Abstract
This study investigates the uniformity of Persian and English inflectional affixes based on Natural Morphology Theory to show how the uniformity of inflectional affixes of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs can be explained. The present research has exercised mixed (qual-quan) and descriptive-analytical ...
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This study investigates the uniformity of Persian and English inflectional affixes based on Natural Morphology Theory to show how the uniformity of inflectional affixes of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs can be explained. The present research has exercised mixed (qual-quan) and descriptive-analytical method. Research data were selected from both Persian and English corpora by the means of a random sampling method; afterward, the data were analyzed according to Dressler and Mayerthaler’s approach considering uniformity. In terms of frequency, the results identified uniformed forms in both languages and indicate that in the Persian corpus, 526 inflectional affixes of verbs, and all affixes of adjectives (185) are uniformed, although inflectional affixes of nouns lack uniformity. While in English corpus, inflectional verb affixes (89) represent uniformity, 172 inflectional noun affixes and 23 adjective affixes lack uniformity. Generally, the more frequency in uniformity of affixes shows they are less marked and more natural. Therefore, tense affix, negation, and subjunctive mood in the inflectional system are more natural than optative mood, past tense affix-ad, and imperative affix. Person and number markers are more natural than imperfect aspect in English. It is worth mentioning that all portmanteau morphs, suppletions and fusion forms reduce the naturalness of both languages due to the fact that there is no one-one relationship between their forms and meanings. The achievements of the current study can be useful in the field of translation studie
Zahra Khanalizadeh; Fariba Ghatreh
Abstract
The present study examines the word-formation processes in 121 Persian-speaking children between 2-6 years of age from Tehran. The research data were collected through observation, interview with children and their parents, and questionnaire, and were then classified and analyzed based on the framework ...
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The present study examines the word-formation processes in 121 Persian-speaking children between 2-6 years of age from Tehran. The research data were collected through observation, interview with children and their parents, and questionnaire, and were then classified and analyzed based on the framework presented in Booij (2007). The results indicated that among the word-formation processes, derivation has the most frequent usage, and reduplication has the least one. Among the word-creation processes, shortening has been used more than blending. Moreover, among all the processes observed, coinage with 26% is the most frequent. According to the other findings of the research, it seems that the type of words made is directly related to the age of the child. Coinage has the most frequent usage among two-year-old children and with the increase of their age, processes like coinage and shortening are replaced with morphological processes, so that at the ages of 4 to 6 years old, the frequency of compounding and derivation increases in formation of the new words. One of the most important reasons for this can be the children’s cognition and awareness of morphological processes, which improves with the increase of their age.
Babak Sharif
Abstract
Fundamentals of Linguistic Typology by Vali Rezai and Fatemeh Bahrami is written based on the curriculum of the linguistic typology course for MA degree in linguistics, and aims at presenting basic concepts of this field to students and other interested audience. The book is organized in 10 chapters, ...
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Fundamentals of Linguistic Typology by Vali Rezai and Fatemeh Bahrami is written based on the curriculum of the linguistic typology course for MA degree in linguistics, and aims at presenting basic concepts of this field to students and other interested audience. The book is organized in 10 chapters, which, apart from those devoted to the history, methodology, and applications of typology, have self- contained topics and content, so they can be read in any sequence. After mentioning the main topics introduced in each chapter the book and its advantages, this review sets out some of their deficiencies and shortcomings. These were discussed in several subtitles presented respectively as organization, inaccuracy in expression, inaccuracy in quotations, inappropriate examples, terminology, and less intelligible statements. In spite of aforementioned points, Fundamentals of Linguistic Typology can serve as a useful, informative introduction to this field.
