vahid sadeghi; Banafshe Mardan
Abstract
Persian velar glide [w], unlike the palatal glide [j], does not serve a contrastive function in Persian phonology since it has incomplete distribution, occurring only in few words after the mid back vowel /o/. Thus, [w] is described as an allophone of the phoneme /v/. Furthermore, it has been assumed ...
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Persian velar glide [w], unlike the palatal glide [j], does not serve a contrastive function in Persian phonology since it has incomplete distribution, occurring only in few words after the mid back vowel /o/. Thus, [w] is described as an allophone of the phoneme /v/. Furthermore, it has been assumed that [w] in [ow] may be deleted in connected speech giving rise to the compensatory lengthening of the preceding [o] vowel. In the present research, we examined the phonetic realization [w] in Persian words in an experimental study. The results suggested that [w] is acoustically present in the target words but is reduced or weakened to different degrees. As [w] is reduced in [ow], the shape of the vocal tract as well as the phonation type changes, resulting in (1) increase of overall intensity of the spectrum; (2) increase in the formant frequencies; and (3) decrease in bandwidths of the formant frequencies. All these systematic acoustic variations cause the vowel [o] in [ow] to be produced and perceived as longer than an ordinary [o] vowel
Naser Rashidi; Mohsen Raghnezhad
Abstract
Textbooks are the most important and common teaching resources in the educational system of Iran. The policy making and administration are centralized in this system. In such systems, the formal schooling depends largely on teaching and learning on the basis of textbooks. Therefore, it is important that ...
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Textbooks are the most important and common teaching resources in the educational system of Iran. The policy making and administration are centralized in this system. In such systems, the formal schooling depends largely on teaching and learning on the basis of textbooks. Therefore, it is important that different parts of textbooks including the content and the exercises be compatible with the real needs of students. This study sought to analyze the Persian language textbooks written for the speakers of other languages (‘basic courses’ and ‘capital of Iran’) based on the Bloom’s revised taxonomy. The results showed that in both of these textbooks the lower-level cognitive skills were considered more than the higher level ones. Further, the textbooks included more composition and creativity exercises (higher-level cognitive skills) than the application ones (lower-level cognitive skills). Moreover, the comprehension exercises, which are lower-level cognitive skills in the taxonomy, were employed much more than the other higher-level skills in the taxonomy. The results of this research can be useful in planning the curriculum and designing new textbooks for the Persian language students.
Sepideh Abdolkarimi
Abstract
The present research is a semantic review which has been conducted with the aim of semantically reviewing Persiansimple verbs and their corresponding compound ones in order to find out which of the synonymies which form the foundation of this research, namely, propositional, descriptive and partial, ...
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The present research is a semantic review which has been conducted with the aim of semantically reviewing Persiansimple verbs and their corresponding compound ones in order to find out which of the synonymies which form the foundation of this research, namely, propositional, descriptive and partial, exist between these verbs. In this review, the author’s treatment of simple and compound verbs is explained, and, afterwards, different types of correspondence between simple and compound verbs is introduced. After a brief discussion about synonymy and its three types, the author will attempt to define, by reasoning and using examples, which of the three types of synonymy exist between Persiansimple and compound verbs. In order to achieve this aim, simple verbs with compound correspondents, which comprise the main body of the review, are chosen from the eight-volume Sokhan Dictionary. By reviewing these verbs, all of which have been provided in the appendix, it has been determined that partial synonymy cannot be found between the above-mentioned verbs but propositional and descriptive synonymy exists between them. The results of the present research can be beneficial for optimized instruction regarding semantics and teaching Persianto non- Persianspeakers.
Shohreh Sadeghi
Abstract
In the present study, the developmental process of metaphor comprehension in Persian-speaking children of 6, 7 and 8 years old was investigated. There are different viewpoints regarding metaphor comprehension in children. To evaluate children’s metaphoric competence, a multiple-choice test was ...
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In the present study, the developmental process of metaphor comprehension in Persian-speaking children of 6, 7 and 8 years old was investigated. There are different viewpoints regarding metaphor comprehension in children. To evaluate children’s metaphoric competence, a multiple-choice test was designed. After the test, the children’s responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics methods. The findings indicated that metaphor comprehension process is a hierarchical trend, in which the capacity of metaphorical expressions’ comprehension increases regularly with the age increase and cognitive development.
Zari Saeedi; Mahsa Arianpouya
Abstract
In the present paper, the influence of such variants as speech context, age and gender on code-switching of Turkish-Persian bilinguals were studied. To do so, 40 participants from two age groups of 20-40 and 40-70 years old, and two gender groups of males and females were randomly selected using the ...
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In the present paper, the influence of such variants as speech context, age and gender on code-switching of Turkish-Persian bilinguals were studied. To do so, 40 participants from two age groups of 20-40 and 40-70 years old, and two gender groups of males and females were randomly selected using the convenience sampling technique. The research data were gathered by recording the naturally-occurring daily conversations in the two contexts of home and workplace, and were categorized based on the research variants. The data analysis procedure was carried out both quantitatively (statistical analysis) and qualitatively (descriptive analysis). Eventually, the results showed that the participants" total code-switching differs in the two mentioned contexts, and the relationship between code-switching and speech context was significant (0.04) at the level of (p<0.05) with the effect size of 0.01. The relationship between the total code-switching and age was also significant (0.003), i.e. the age factor was an influencing variant with the effect size of 0.047. The next variable scrutinized in the study was the gender factor for which the findings of the total code-switching data did not display a significant relationship (0.7).
Hallimeh Ebneabbassi; Masoumeh Najafi Pazoki
Abstract
The purpose to do the present research is the identification of the type and the number of noun modifiers in Persian students’ texts (students (10-12) in grades four, five and six) in which the number 9 area of Tehran was selected in purposive sampling and also 6 schools were selected by cluster ...
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The purpose to do the present research is the identification of the type and the number of noun modifiers in Persian students’ texts (students (10-12) in grades four, five and six) in which the number 9 area of Tehran was selected in purposive sampling and also 6 schools were selected by cluster random sampling. Then, the corpus of texts written by students in grades four, five and six was collected in these schools. In total, 9 classes in grade 4, 10 and 9 ones in grade 5 and 6 respectively were involved in this research and there were 889 students. According to Morgan table, 300 texts were randomly selected in which 2203 noun phrases were analyzed according to Dependency Grammar. Based on the findings, students (10-12) have produced noun postmodifiers (6/62%) by far more than noun premodifiers (2/45%) which indicates that the production of postmodifiers is much easier for the students in these grades and they have produced the genitive modifiers in eighth position (4/03%), attributive adjectives in seventh position (1/39%), in particular, numeral and superlative adjectives in third position (1/22%) respectively more than other positions. While the index in the sixth position (0/01%) has had the lowest average percentage. Students in grade 6 have had the highest average (12/44%), showing the older the students become, the more complex noun phrases they produce. The findings of this research along with identifying the amount of syntactic complexity of the children’s noun phrases shows the view of their language enhancement.
Reza Pishghadam; Aida Firooziyan Pour Esfahani; Ailin Firooziyan Pour Esfahani
Abstract
A dictionary is a repository of various kinds of linguistic information about words. It presents general information about words such as the words’ meaning, pronunciation, etymology, and the syntactic category to which it belongs, collocational or idiomatic structures in which it may be found. ...
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A dictionary is a repository of various kinds of linguistic information about words. It presents general information about words such as the words’ meaning, pronunciation, etymology, and the syntactic category to which it belongs, collocational or idiomatic structures in which it may be found. Given the significance of linguistic information presented in the dictionaries, Persian dictionaries suffer from lack of psycho-cultural information which reflects and presents the culture of a society and as the result, should necessarily be included in them. Keeping the importance of this kind of information in mind, and considering the significance of psychological factors in speakers’ knowledge of the world as well as considering sensory experience as the cornerstone of emotional and cognitive abilities and believing that reality is relative, drawing upon the newly proposed sensory concept of emotioncy, this study attempts to introduce emotioncy and its components (emotion, sense and frequency) as useful tools in dictionary making. To this end, the present study will shed some light on sensory and emotional experiences of words of the languages so as to ultimately uncover the origins of the gap in the current dictionaries and enrich them by adding some missed but important and useful information about the words of the languages. Finally, although the findings of the present study is suggestive, further research into the this may help develop it in a broader empirical framework.
Alexsadr Ivanovich Polishchook
Abstract
The present study dealt with the content of teaching Persian in the early stages (1st and 2nd years) as well as during the implementation of the five-year education program in the Russian Federation. The article also overviewed Persian textbooks used in the higher education institutes in Russia. In so ...
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The present study dealt with the content of teaching Persian in the early stages (1st and 2nd years) as well as during the implementation of the five-year education program in the Russian Federation. The article also overviewed Persian textbooks used in the higher education institutes in Russia. In so doing, the study aimed at showing main criteria for writing standard educational materials. Nowadays, updating educational materials in accordance with the basic principles of teaching and learning languages as well as applied linguistics is a must. To achieve these goals, it is necessary to take learners’ practical needs and future perspectives into account. To do so, the study sought to determine the main themes and subjects to be used in the process of teaching Persian as a foreign language. These subjects might include politics, economy, law, culture, technology and science, banking, international organizations, etc.
Talieh Mansouri; Zari Saeedi
Abstract
With the increasing impact of technology on different aspects of human life, the production of new educational tools and their use expanded. It is clear that one of the areas that have been significantly affected by the impact of technology is the field of language education. In addition, learning a ...
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With the increasing impact of technology on different aspects of human life, the production of new educational tools and their use expanded. It is clear that one of the areas that have been significantly affected by the impact of technology is the field of language education. In addition, learning a foreign/ second language through technology is very important. Therefore, the conditions for facilitating language learning in this way must be provided. Accordingly, this study attempted to produce and evaluate the core vocabulary of Farsi Language educational software. In order to evaluate the software, the initial version and the questionnaire was indirectly sent to 15 Farsi learners of the Sa’adi Foundation social network via Email. Moreover, in order to receive and apply software experts’ comments, the software and the questionnaire were given to 15 software experts by the researcher. The results of the questionnaire showed that the software has greatly interested the learners and the experts.
Mohsen Ghassemi; Roya Sedighi Ziabari; reza kheirabadi
Abstract
In recent years, game theory has penetrated various sciences such as political science, computer science, biology and the social sciences. It has been used to explain and interpret some of the dumb concepts and to study a wide range of topics including how decision makers interact in a competitive environment, ...
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In recent years, game theory has penetrated various sciences such as political science, computer science, biology and the social sciences. It has been used to explain and interpret some of the dumb concepts and to study a wide range of topics including how decision makers interact in a competitive environment, in which the outcome of each factor’s decision influences the outcomes of other factors. The present study, adopting Kerpindorff’s (2004) content analysis approach, sought to analyze the four principles of Grice’s Cooperation Principle (which is based on purpose and meaning) using game theory. The results of the study indicated that in the case of violation of any of the Grice’s principles which may result in communication breakdown, the game theory adequately compensates for it
Abdolhossein Heydari; Malek Panahi
Abstract
The present paper was an attempt to study the effect of the Persian lexicon on the students’ English NP production in speech production levels. The data were collected from the senior high school students' English speech. The research method is descriptive-analytic. At first 210 errors were classified ...
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The present paper was an attempt to study the effect of the Persian lexicon on the students’ English NP production in speech production levels. The data were collected from the senior high school students' English speech. The research method is descriptive-analytic. At first 210 errors were classified into 6 groups and then they were analyzed according to principles and hypotheses offered in speech production stages. Persian grammatical features in the students’ utterances show that Persian lexemes have been selected in speech production stages because grammatical processing is the direct consequence of lexical selection. It was found that the activation coming from the conceptual level has been spread to the phonological segments of Persian lexemes according to phonological activation models. So Persian lexicon has been active in forming the surface structure of the students’ utterances. English lexemes associated with corresponding Persian ones in surface structure have been selected from the English lexicon before utterance articulation. The study results are in line with the word association model which assumes L2 words are associated with L1 words and through L1 mediation can L2 words gain access to concepts at early L2 learning.
Zahra Navab Safavi; Mohammad Hadi Fallahi; Mohammadreza Ghadimi Fomani
Abstract
The present study, in the context of computational linguistics and acoustic phonetics, attempted to determine the acoustic features of glottal stop before the word initial vowels in the Persian language and to answer the question whether this sound is a consonant or is the characteristic of the initial ...
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The present study, in the context of computational linguistics and acoustic phonetics, attempted to determine the acoustic features of glottal stop before the word initial vowels in the Persian language and to answer the question whether this sound is a consonant or is the characteristic of the initial vowel in the Persian. The research test groups consisted of three groups: (a) nonword group in which the vowel is located after a consonant except glottal stop, (b) nonword group in which the presence of glottal stop is clear before the vowel, and (c) the group containing 30 words of Farsi language which begin with vowels. The three groups were read and recorded by 16 sample members at the studio. Then, they were subjected to acoustic measures, duration, first formant, intensity and spectral tilt of vowels evaluation using The Praat software. The numerical values obtained were analyzed based on mean indices, variance and Scheffe test. It was found that the criteria for the existence of the glottal stop consonant in the word group were not verified; as a result, the complete stop that has the acoustic characteristics of a consonant does not exist before the word initial vowels in the Persian language. Therefore, the incomplete obstruction can be taken as the phonetic process that is added at the beginning of the initial vowel production, and it makes that vowel glottalized.
Mitra Hoseingholian; Mohammad Rasekh mahand
Abstract
A resumptive pronoun is a pronoun appearing in a relative clause, which restates the antecedent. The use of resumptive pronouns in relative clauses appears to be governed by structural complexity in grammar and usage. Hawkins’s (2004) Efficiency and complexity in grammars predicts a parallel effect ...
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A resumptive pronoun is a pronoun appearing in a relative clause, which restates the antecedent. The use of resumptive pronouns in relative clauses appears to be governed by structural complexity in grammar and usage. Hawkins’s (2004) Efficiency and complexity in grammars predicts a parallel effect in usage: when the grammar permits the option of either resumptive pronoun or gap, resumptive pronouns should be used more often as structural complexity increases. By the results of four experiments including processing assessment, production task, an acceptability judgement task and listening experiment, the relation of relative clauses’ weight and the presence of a resumptive pronoun with an objective antecedent or lack of it is verified. The hypothesis was that with the increase of grammatical weight of relative clause, the need for a resumptive pronoun will be more. Finally, the results of four experiments are analyzed by SPSS software. The results which were based on the hypothesis, were not meaningful. It means that the presence or absence of resumptive pronoun in different grammatical weights does not make a meaningful difference. It means Persian speakers use lots of resumptive pronouns without attention to grammatical weights of relative clause.
Mohammad Dabir Moghaddam; Mahroo Abdollahi
Abstract
In word order typology, different languages are studied with respect to the order and sequence of their constituents and the classification and comparison of languages is carried out based on these orders. The present study describes word order in Baboli dialect in the framework of Dryer (1992). Data ...
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In word order typology, different languages are studied with respect to the order and sequence of their constituents and the classification and comparison of languages is carried out based on these orders. The present study describes word order in Baboli dialect in the framework of Dryer (1992). Data collection was done by both recording the answers provided by 10 local informants, 5 city dwellers, and 5 villagers to the questionnaire prepared for the present study and interviewing the aforementioned informants. The results indicated that compared with languages in its own geographical area (i.e. Eurasia), Baboli keeps a balance between the number of verb-medial (VO) and verb-final (OV) criteria, having 17 of each. In comparison with the languages of the world, though, Baboli has 16 criteria relevant to verb-final languages and 15 criteria relevant to verb-medial languages, showing a slight tendency towards verb-final languages. These results differ from those of contemporary Persian whose dominant tendency is towards verb-medial (VO) languages in comparison with both Eurasia languages- 12 criteria relevant to verb-final languages and 17 criteria relevant to verb-medial languages- and world languages- 15 criteria relevant to verb-final languages and 19 criteria relevant to verb-medial languages.
Mahsa Sadeghi
Abstract
Today, advertising plays an important role in human life and many aspects of the society’s activities; as a result, texts written in this field are of the same importance. From the viewpoint of functional linguistics, especially Halliday and Hassan’s Cohesion Theory (1976), one of the main ...
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Today, advertising plays an important role in human life and many aspects of the society’s activities; as a result, texts written in this field are of the same importance. From the viewpoint of functional linguistics, especially Halliday and Hassan’s Cohesion Theory (1976), one of the main factors of meaningfulness and effectiveness of a text is cohesion which is divided into three categories: grammatical, lexical, and conjunctional. It is expected that advertising texts, which are written with the purpose of persuading the target audience, have strong cohesive relations. Since food products are among the most necessary needs for human, the advertising for these products is of main importance for food industry producers. Due to the importance of cohesive and effective advertising texts as well as the key role of cohesive relations in these texts, the present research aims to investigate grammatical cohesive devices, in a selection of Persian and English media advertising texts (50 sample texts for each). The results show that reference and ellipsis are the most frequent cohesive devices in both English and Persian texts. It was also found that while the roles of the two are almost the same in the Persian texts, the role of reference is much more prominent than that of ellipsis in the English texts.
Nasrin Tanhayee Ahari; Hayat Ameri; Alireza Ameri; Hamidreza Shaeeri
Abstract
This research tried to analyze the Reinforcement and Debilitation of the Meaning in English Books 1 & 2 Vision (secondary school) based on Discoursal Semantic-semiotic Approach using the description framework of Kress and Van Leeuwen (1996[2006]), to develop Halliday’s functional-systematic ...
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This research tried to analyze the Reinforcement and Debilitation of the Meaning in English Books 1 & 2 Vision (secondary school) based on Discoursal Semantic-semiotic Approach using the description framework of Kress and Van Leeuwen (1996[2006]), to develop Halliday’s functional-systematic linguistics. There is always one problem and argument on how we can use multimodal texts in school books especially English books to facilitate transfer concepts so in this way English learning and training procedures will be improved. The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between context and pictorial texts in English books 1 & 2 (Vision) to express how to select texts accompaniment to written forms in educational English books to present comprehensible and meaningful concepts. The research method is analytical-descriptive and fieldwork. We found that Common patterns in meta-functions were not considered in the pictorial texts. There is no accompaniment and overlap between written and pictorial texts. So, the meaning transfer is conveyed defectively.English books to express how to select pictorial texts accompaniment to written forms in educational English books to present comprehensible and meaningful concepts.we came to the conclusion that the Common patterns in meta-functions were not considered in the pictorial texts. The results also showed that there is no accompaniment and overlap between written and pictorial texts. So the meaning transfer in these texts is conveyed defectively.
Besharat Fathi
Abstract
Socioterminology is a discourse-based approach that evaluates the terms in their real contexts. In this approach, for measuring the accuracy of standardized equivalents, considering the time factor in implantation function, one or more standardized equivalents can be compared with other existing equivalents ...
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Socioterminology is a discourse-based approach that evaluates the terms in their real contexts. In this approach, for measuring the accuracy of standardized equivalents, considering the time factor in implantation function, one or more standardized equivalents can be compared with other existing equivalents and their related terms. This paper, adopting this approach in the framework of language planning, aims to study the relationship between terminology and “vadjeh-gozini” in the context of the “Terminology Guideline”, approved and published by the Academy of Persian Language and Literature, as the standard manual for Persian term standardization. For this purpose, first, the terms composed of “vadjeh-gozini” or directly related terms to this concept are extracted. Second, the application of the terms and their semantic references are studied, and their meanings are compared with the definitions of terminology. The results show that “vadjeh-gozoini” is a polysemous term, referring to term formation and standardization. Since, differentiating it from terminology is necessary. Besides, its related terms such as “equivalent selection” and “vadjeh-gozini methods” have brought about some difficulties in comprehension of the concept of “vadjeh-gozini”. Therefore, a revision is suggested. In this paper, the author has suggested a sample of conceptual harmonization between “vadjeh-gozini” and some of its related terms in Persian, including their corresponding English terms. The methodology used in this article paves the way for the systematic decision making in Persian terminology, and simultaneously, intends to reduce the conceptual gaps of professional communications in terminology domain.
Sepideh Navabzadeh Shafi’i
Abstract
In Persian language, like any other language, there are some words derived from other languages. These words are usually called borrowed, imported or loan-words. Following various historical events, many words from Greek, Arabic, Turkish, French, English, Russian and other languages have found their ...
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In Persian language, like any other language, there are some words derived from other languages. These words are usually called borrowed, imported or loan-words. Following various historical events, many words from Greek, Arabic, Turkish, French, English, Russian and other languages have found their ways into Persian over time. The French language has been the first scientific and educational European language in Iran. As a result, the words of this language hold a special place in Persian in terms of quantity and application. Some very common Persian words have been borrowed from French, and they have been so widespread that all Persian speakers from various social classes are daily and continuously using French words unaware of their origin. French language students, in the course their language learning, notice that some Persian words are in fact borrowed from French roots. Obviously, the loan-words are phonetically changed and coordinated with Persian phonetic system. There have been changes in semantics as well; for example, among many meanings in the language of the origin, only one has entered into Persian or the word meaning and application has changed. In the present study, we aim at investigating the changes in semantic and application of some French loan-words in Persian language.
Ali Sabonchi
Abstract
The Guide to Middle Iranian Inscriptions (Pahlavi-Parthi) is the result of the efforts of Dr. Saeed Arian, which has recently been reprinted in the collection of ancient scientific publications. This book, which was published earlier in 2012 by the Cultural Heritage Organization's Department of Introduction ...
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The Guide to Middle Iranian Inscriptions (Pahlavi-Parthi) is the result of the efforts of Dr. Saeed Arian, which has recently been reprinted in the collection of ancient scientific publications. This book, which was published earlier in 2012 by the Cultural Heritage Organization's Department of Introduction and Education, is one of the few books in Persian that specifically explores the Western Middle Iranian inscriptions, and among these few books, it is written in a more scientific and accurate way.
Fateme Nayeblui; Mostafa Assi; Azita Afrashi; Masood Ghayoomi
Abstract
Vocabulary differences between languages indicate differences in the cultures associated with each language. Polysemous words in any culture can be an expression of such lexical differences in a language. In cognitive semantics, there are different approaches to the polysemous phenomenon in language; ...
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Vocabulary differences between languages indicate differences in the cultures associated with each language. Polysemous words in any culture can be an expression of such lexical differences in a language. In cognitive semantics, there are different approaches to the polysemous phenomenon in language; The theory of Frame semantics is one of these approaches in cognitive semantics that has looked at the issue of polysemy from the perspective of semantic frames. The revised form of this theory has been realized in FrameNet . Semantic frames are semantic packages and each frame is composed of semantic components called frame elements. Semantic relationships in this network are presented as relationships between semantic frames. In this article, an attempt is made to provide a semantic and corpus-based analysis of the polysemy of the conceptual domain of the verb "Listening" in Persian based on the principles of the FrameNet network in English. Accordingly, the keywords "šeno", " šenid" and "guš" have been studied in the Persian database . Among the concepts found in sentences extracted from the corpus, six semantic frames of Perception_active, Perception_experience, Awareness, Compliance, Seeking and Attention and two "inheritance" Frame to frame relations between "Perception-Active" and "Perception-Experience" Frames and "use" Frame to frame relations between "Attention" and Perception-Active" Frames were extracted. The results of the analysis show that the current approach to the phenomenon of polysemy is an efficient approach to study the meaning of the verb "Listening" in Persian and can provide a picture of Persian language culture in this conceptual area.
Maryam Salimi; Adel Dastgoshadeh; bahman bayangani
Abstract
Languages symbolize identities. They are used to signal identities and even sometimes societies are categorized due to the language people speak. Thus, language plays a crucial role in constructing identity and its loss means the loss of certain identities. The aim of this article is to investigate the ...
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Languages symbolize identities. They are used to signal identities and even sometimes societies are categorized due to the language people speak. Thus, language plays a crucial role in constructing identity and its loss means the loss of certain identities. The aim of this article is to investigate the relationship between language identity development and language loss among the residents living in Kurdistan province. This work is quantitative and applied in terms of survey methodology and purpose, respectively. The Taylor (2010) Standard Language Identity Questionnaire (2010) and the UNESCO Linguistic Death Questionnaire (2003) were used to collect data. For this purpose, 407 questionnaires were distributed among the statistical samples. Sampling was done by proportional classification method. The analysis of the findings showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between language identity development and its dimensions with language loss among the citizens living in Kurdistan province. It also revealed that among the various dimensions of language identity development variables, the expectation of others has the most explanatory role. The findings of this study also showed that although the dimensions of language identity affect language loss with an almost moderate intensity, It has left the way open for cultural activists and policymakers because the variables are manageable.
Haj Bibi Naderan; Morteza Zare Beromi
Abstract
The analysis of the meanings of the preposition “الباء” and its translation in Surah Al-Imran identifies two basic principles related to the types of languages: First, we translate but we do not fully comprehend the source and target languages (the communicative original); second, languages ...
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The analysis of the meanings of the preposition “الباء” and its translation in Surah Al-Imran identifies two basic principles related to the types of languages: First, we translate but we do not fully comprehend the source and target languages (the communicative original); second, languages collide in the translation process (linguistic origin), and the third principle (which is the different translations) should be added to the two principles of communicative and linguistic. For example, The Persian language provides 26 meanings in the Preposition “به” Against the 16 meanings of the Preposition “الباء” -no self-sacrifice- (and in this research, eight new meanings were added to those 16 meanings). Therefore, it is imperative that the translators of the Quran (including the translators mentioned in this study, Ayati, Safavi, Mojtabavi and Makarem) understand Persian and Arabic; undoubtedly, knowing the mother tongue means knowing the potential of other languages. The results showed that the meanings of the prepositions of Surah Al-Imran have a significant effect on the quality of translation from native language to native language and from native language to foreign languages, because these prepositions create different meanings in the Quran context, and they are an influential factor in different translations. This point and the difference between linguistic and non-linguistic knowledge of translators has caused translations of the Quran to be presented in different qualities. The research method is descriptive analytical and statistical analytical. This research is necessary because the meanings of the prepositions have a significant effect on the quality of translations.
Changiz Mowlaee
Abstract
The present study evaluated and analyzed the review of Ābān Yašt (The Centre for Great Islamic Encyclopaedia, Tehran 2013) which was written and published by E. Changizi in the Journal of Language Science (vol. 2/3, autumn 2015). The reviewer divided his subject matter into ten entries and dealt ...
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The present study evaluated and analyzed the review of Ābān Yašt (The Centre for Great Islamic Encyclopaedia, Tehran 2013) which was written and published by E. Changizi in the Journal of Language Science (vol. 2/3, autumn 2015). The reviewer divided his subject matter into ten entries and dealt with them in detail. The entries were: 1- Phoneme or grapheme; 2- the root *āhi-; 3- statement of the problem and significance of the study; 4- enclitic; 5- the copula verb "is"; 6- the relative pronoun ya-; 7- translations; 8- syntactic issues; 9- combination or compound; 10- the tone of writing. The present article discussed and evaluated all these entries in order to show that the reviewer’s reasoning and his deductions and conclusions were incorrect.
Ali Asghar Rajabzade; Masoud Asadi; Shaban Barimani
Abstract
Abstract or unexpressed pronoun in Pro-drop languages refers to a linguistic element having a syntactic function with no phonetic representation. These kinds of languages are divided in different varieties. This article, in the first level, tries to mention the properties of pro-drop languages ...
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Abstract or unexpressed pronoun in Pro-drop languages refers to a linguistic element having a syntactic function with no phonetic representation. These kinds of languages are divided in different varieties. This article, in the first level, tries to mention the properties of pro-drop languages and at the second one, tries to compare and survey Mazandarani based on pro-drop language division done by Rizzi (1982) to see that in which group, it can be placed. As a whole, the structure of all pro-drop languages can be divided into four groups; 1. Fixed pro-drop languages like Italian, Greek and Persian; 2. Expletive (Null filler) pro-drop languages such as German, some kinds of Dutch and African languages; 3. Relative pro-drop languages as Hebrew, Russian, Marathi, and Brazilian Portuguese; 4. Discourse pro-drop languages like Chinese, Japanese and Korean. With the comparison of Mazandarani to the properties of pro-drop languages, we come to the conclusion that this language belongs to the category of consistent pro-drop languages. Meanwhile, it can be categorized in discourse pro-drop languages as well, because the co-indexation of covert pronoun and the subject of matrix sentence depends on the discourse context.
Sayed Farid Khalifehloo; Hossein Hallajzadeh Benab; Sayed Mojtaba Hosseini
Abstract
Since no Indication system is neutral from the ideological point of view, it is possible to discover the hidden relationships and to re-publishing the latent ideologies in the deepening of language by recognizing the language and discovering the underlying layers. Discourse structures, by organizing ...
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Since no Indication system is neutral from the ideological point of view, it is possible to discover the hidden relationships and to re-publishing the latent ideologies in the deepening of language by recognizing the language and discovering the underlying layers. Discourse structures, by organizing their own system of signage, shape our understanding of reality. The present research explored the framework of ideological structure in deference demanding men's discourse, based on Van Dijk theory (2006). In this study, the researchers attended to 20 family courts in Birjand and collect written information from twenty deference demanding men from urban class at age of 25-45 and degree of Diploma and Bachelor. The present paper sought to explain what language strategies and tools men use to achieve their ideological goals and to make the judge make a decision for their best. The referral strategies of these individuals were determined by the "ideological square" model of Van Dijk (2006) and the frequency of each side of the square will be determined. The results showed that demanding men use a variety of linguistic strategies to increase the negative attitude of their wives (%58) and magnify their positive attitude (%27). The population of the study used less than the other two sides of the ideological square (the reduction of positive points the outsiders and negative points of themselves), which is in the same line with the theory of Van Dijk (2006).
