Azade Mirzaei; Amir Saeid Moloodi
Abstract
The first semantic roles corpus in Persian language, containing about 30,000 sentences from contemporary Persian language, is manually annotated. This corpus, based on the concept of thematic roles of Fillmore, adds a layer of predicate-argument information to the syntactic structures of Persian Dependency ...
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The first semantic roles corpus in Persian language, containing about 30,000 sentences from contemporary Persian language, is manually annotated. This corpus, based on the concept of thematic roles of Fillmore, adds a layer of predicate-argument information to the syntactic structures of Persian Dependency Treebank. In this corpus, the verbs, propositional nouns and adjectives are regarded as the predicates of the sentences and are annotated according to their argument structure. The data was prepared based on Conference on Natural Language Learning (CoNLL) dependency format. Semantic tags used as the semantic annotations include thematic roles and functional tags. Thematic roles labels present the argument structure of the predicates of the sentences, and functional tags modify the verb or the whole sentence. The number of thematic roles tags and functional tags are 27 and 15, respectively. The two tags of NEGATION and MODALS are used as the functional tags.
Shahnaz Yeganeh
Abstract
Phonological awareness refers to a child’s skill of identifying and changing the components of speech which is represented by the writing system. Many of the studies indicate that phonological awareness is an important element in learning writing. Scripts in which the representation between script ...
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Phonological awareness refers to a child’s skill of identifying and changing the components of speech which is represented by the writing system. Many of the studies indicate that phonological awareness is an important element in learning writing. Scripts in which the representation between script and pronunciation is predictable are transparent scripts, such as Turkish, Italian and Spanish, and scripts in which this representation is unpredictable, such as English, French and Arabic, are blurred scripts. The aim of this research is to achieve a better understanding of the performance of native normal and dyslexic Persian-speaking children through phonological awareness tests and spelling based on the transparency of the Persian script. Therefore, the effect of two variables, that is the level of phonological awareness and transparency of script, on normal and dyslexic children’s writing process was studied, and the findings were compared to those of other studies in this area. In this research, the performance of 10 male native Persian-speaking children (with an average age 9.2 years), diagnosed and under instruction as developmentally dyslexic individuals, was compared to that of 20 male normal native Persian-speaking children (with an average age 9.2 years), who were under instruction in normal schools. The analysis of the resulting data showed that dyslexic children had poorer performances in almost all tests compared to normal children. Results related to the effect of script transparency were consistent with the hypothesis which depended on the script, that is to say performing on phonological awareness tests for blurred words was more difficult for both groups compared to their performances regarding transparent words. Only in the test of producing rhyming words were the performances of the two groups opposite each other, that is normal children produced more blurred rhyming words, and dyslexic children produced a higher number of transparent rhyming words. Since the highest number of normal children’s mistakes in the spelling test were related to phonetic errors, and the highest number of dyslexic children’s mistakes in this test were related to non-phonetic errors, these findings are consistent with the hypothesis of phonological defect.
Zia Tajeddin
Abstract
Learning tenses is one of the problems encountered by the learners of Persian. To address the problem, teaching tenses through various tasks was considered in this study. To this end, the study focused on structural and communicative tasks for teaching Persian tenses. Participants were intermediate ...
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Learning tenses is one of the problems encountered by the learners of Persian. To address the problem, teaching tenses through various tasks was considered in this study. To this end, the study focused on structural and communicative tasks for teaching Persian tenses. Participants were intermediate learners studying Persian at DehkhodaInternationalCenter for the Teaching of Persian. Each group consisted of 40 non-Iranian learners, divided into structural and communicative groups. Both groups were homogeneous based on a Persian tense pretest. The structural and communicative groups were taught Persian tenses in terms of the principles of structural and communicative syllabuses, respectively. T-tests were employed to analyze the two groups’ pretest and posttest performance and to compare their posttest scores. Results showed the communicative group’s significant gains in recognizing and producing Persian tenses. By contrast, no significant difference was found between the pretest and posttest scores of the structural group. Moreover, the communicative group outperformed the structural group in the posttest. These findings imply that the communative task is more effective that the structural task and hence can be used in designing lessons for the teaching of Persian tenses in Persian language centers.
seyed hamzeh mousavi
Abstract
The current study attempted to investigate ‘VinflVinfl’ construction in Persian based on construction grammar (Lakoff, 1987; Goldberg, 1995; 2003; 2006) and distinguish it from similar constructions. Since construction grammar seeks to categorize various constructions prototypically, it uses ...
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The current study attempted to investigate ‘VinflVinfl’ construction in Persian based on construction grammar (Lakoff, 1987; Goldberg, 1995; 2003; 2006) and distinguish it from similar constructions. Since construction grammar seeks to categorize various constructions prototypically, it uses numerous syntactic-semantic pieces of evidence to differentiate different constructions from each other. The data (around 1300 sentences) were collected from stories, movies and some websites. For each construction a Sem(antic)-Syn(tactic) table was put forward to connect their features together. Furthermore, semantic constraints on these constructions such as negation and kinds of participant verbs were shown clearly. It was found that, in ‘VinflVinfl’, the former verb modifies the latter, which is a verb of movement. Its idiosyncratic feature is that it is not negated and is different from ‘Vinfl & Vinfl’. Moreover, ‘VinflVinfl’ is differentiated from other constructions such as ‘dāštan.infVinf’, ‘dādan.inf1Vinf2’, ‘VimperativeVimperative’ and idiomatic constructions such as ‘Vimperativebebinam’ and ‘zadan.infVinf’. Finally, it was observed that ‘dāštan.inflVinfl’ is a polysemous construction meaning progression, inchoation, and futurity depending on the context.
Aliyeh Kord Zafaranlu Kambuziya; Fatemeh Shahverdi Shahraki
Abstract
The present study is aimed to find the natural classes in final rhyme of some verses in the Holy Qur"an. Many verses in the Qur"an have the final rhymes ending in the same consonants and vowels; some others don"t have similar consonants or vowels in the final rhyme; however, they have audible beauty. ...
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The present study is aimed to find the natural classes in final rhyme of some verses in the Holy Qur"an. Many verses in the Qur"an have the final rhymes ending in the same consonants and vowels; some others don"t have similar consonants or vowels in the final rhyme; however, they have audible beauty. The reason is that there are some phonological relations between final consonants and vowels of one verse to another. This relation can be construed as natural classes of sounds. The text corpus of the present study is comprised of all of the verses of the Holy Qur"an. Some of the key findings of the study are as follows: (1) Although the final consonants and vowels of some sequential verses were different, they can be classified as natural classes; (2) In some chapters, some verses ended in /m/ and some others ended in /n/. These two sounds are classified as natural class of nasals; (3) Natural class of sonorants comprises the most frequent consonants in Qur"an.
Fatemeh Habibi; Fathiyeh Fattahizadeh
Abstract
This study represents the Motion Event in the verb of going in the Holy Quran, based on the structure semantic network of the preposition الی /ila/(towards). This study aims to examine the verb of going and the preposition of الی (towards) on semantic network based on Tolmy’s Motion ...
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This study represents the Motion Event in the verb of going in the Holy Quran, based on the structure semantic network of the preposition الی /ila/(towards). This study aims to examine the verb of going and the preposition of الی (towards) on semantic network based on Tolmy’s Motion theory .In collecting said corpus, 88 verbs were extracted from verses consisting of the deep structure of the verb “going”; The relevant samples were collected and analyzed. The results showed that, the preposition ofالی has the most frequent usages. This preposition represents the end-destination concept, however, its usage is not limited in this sense. Also new concepts of direction (within, outside, high) and state (mental, physical) were encoded by this preposition. One of the results of this study, is representation semantic network of the position الی, which causes the existing knowledge of this concept in the Holy Quran to be promoted.
Shohre Sadeghi; Shahla Raghibdoust
Abstract
Relative construction is one of the complex syntactic constructions involving various structures depending on the different language typologies. Studies in several languages have shown that subject relative clauses (SRCs) are easier and faster to process than object relative clauses (ORCs). Some studies ...
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Relative construction is one of the complex syntactic constructions involving various structures depending on the different language typologies. Studies in several languages have shown that subject relative clauses (SRCs) are easier and faster to process than object relative clauses (ORCs). Some studies have proposed the topichood hypothsis to account for the ease and faster processing of the subject relative clause. However, based on this hypothesis, when the embedded noun phrase in a relative clause is a pronoun, the difficulty in the processing of object relative clauses is reduced. In the present study, the speed of the processing Persian subject and object relative clauses with full NP and pronoun were investigated on fourtu 20–30-year-old monolingual normal subjects using self-paced reading (SPR) experiment, one of the online experiments in psycholinguistic studies. The experiment was presented in a linear, noncumulative (i.e., moving window) SPR procedure with region-by-region segmentation. Each of the 16 sentential stimuli had 4 syntactic forms and collectively, 640 reading time data from the subjects were recorded. The findings indicated that the processing speed of the regions within relative clauses, i.e., the regions containing relative clause noun phrase and relative clause verb, were faster in pronominal ORCs, pronominal SRCs, full NP SRCs and full NP ORCs, respectively. However, the processing speed of the main clause verb region was a bit different in the various sentences containing relative clauses. The conclusions, in line with the results of a number of research in other languages, confirmed the topichood hypothesis with respect to the processing of Persian relative clauses.
Nayereh joodi
Abstract
This study attempted to answer the following questions: "Which constructions in Persian correspond to the conventional definition of sentences with the garden path effect? Moreover, based on the ideas of sentence processing, how these constructions can be classified in Persian?” Firstly, this paper ...
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This study attempted to answer the following questions: "Which constructions in Persian correspond to the conventional definition of sentences with the garden path effect? Moreover, based on the ideas of sentence processing, how these constructions can be classified in Persian?” Firstly, this paper described garden path sentences in English and introduced theoretical concepts and patterns related to sentence processing. After the examination of ambiguity and more particularly structural ambiguity, it was concluded that the Persian language has structures that match the English definition of the garden path sentences. Furthermore, structural ambiguity can also be considered as a type of sentence with the garden path effect. On the whole, Persian garden path sentences can be divided into two types: those with one correct grammatical reading and those with more than one reading due to syntactic or semantic reasons. Using the ideas from the field of sentence processing, it appears that the effective factors causing the garden path effect in Persian sentences are similar to those that yield this effect in English sentences. Finally, we argued for the importance of speech prosody and punctuation to eliminate ambiguities from written sentences.Keywords: syntactic processing, Garden path sentences, ambiguity, punctuation, prosody
saeedeh taheri; mandana Nourbakhsh
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of speaking rate on the voice onset time (vot) stop consonant production in standard contemporary Persian. For this purpose, a production experiment was performed. Eight sentences were produced by twenty- four participants (seven male- seventeen female) at different ...
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This study investigated the effect of speaking rate on the voice onset time (vot) stop consonant production in standard contemporary Persian. For this purpose, a production experiment was performed. Eight sentences were produced by twenty- four participants (seven male- seventeen female) at different speaking rates (slow- normal & fast) three times each. Voice onset time (VOT) distributions and mean VOT values were examined for initial and intervocalic labial, alveolar, palatal and velar stop consonants in context at slow, normal and fast rates of speech. At last, 1152 data were elicited. Results revealed that the short lag and pre-voiced category didn't change as a function of speaking rate, although VOT values for long lag category were affected by changes in speaking rate. Implication of the results suggest that in standard contemporary Persian, "aspiration" is affected by changes in speaking rate.
Vahideh Abolhasanizadeh; Anis Masoumi
Abstract
The purpose of the present study is to explore the process of vowel reduction in Kermani accent. The process of vowel reduction occurs in unstressed syllables which shifts vowels toward other vowels. In this study, 5 male and 5 female native speakers of Kermani accent, pronounced 24 words in 3 repetitions ...
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The purpose of the present study is to explore the process of vowel reduction in Kermani accent. The process of vowel reduction occurs in unstressed syllables which shifts vowels toward other vowels. In this study, 5 male and 5 female native speakers of Kermani accent, pronounced 24 words in 3 repetitions containing six simple vowels in stressed and unstressed syllables. The participants’ productions were recorded using Shure microphone and were analyzed using Praat software (Ver. 5.2.24). A text grid was made for each word. Then, duration, F1, F2 and F0 of vowels were measured and compared in stressed and unstressed syllables. Overall, the obtained results confirmed that the duration and F0 of vowels decreases in unstressed syllables and the amount of F1 of all the vowels and the F2 of the vowels [ɑ, e, o, u] have a tendency towards the F1 and F2 of /ǝ/. Results also indicated that the process of vowel reduction is centripetal in Kermani accent.
Abbas Ali Ahangar; Mohammad Amir Mashhadi; Somayyeh Dahmardeh Behrooz
Abstract
The aim of the present study study is to describe and analyze the conceptual domains used in metaphors of Saadi’s Boostan based on conceptual blending theory as presented by Fauconnier and Turner (1998, 2002). This theory uses mental spaces to describe and analyze metaphors that are two input spaces: ...
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The aim of the present study study is to describe and analyze the conceptual domains used in metaphors of Saadi’s Boostan based on conceptual blending theory as presented by Fauconnier and Turner (1998, 2002). This theory uses mental spaces to describe and analyze metaphors that are two input spaces: a generic space and a blended space. In this research the mental spaces of each metaphor in Saadi’s Boostan are described to determine which conceptual domains are involved in the construction of mental spaces in each metaphor. Then, the significance or non-significance of using these conceptual domains are measured using X2 test in SPSS. The results show that the conceptual domains used in the metaphors of Saadi’s Boostan can be grouped into 13 groups: (1) personification, (2) journey for the life concept, (3) using orientation for positive and negative entities, (4) natural phenomena, (5) animals, (6) tastes, (7) agriculture (8) body organs, (9) being containment by non-containers, (10) things, (11) actions, (12) human characters, and (13) locations. When constructing metaphors, these conceptual domains are embedded in an input space and together with the other input space intended by the poet, are projected into a blended space and make a metaphor. The results show that all the metaphors of Saadi’s Boostan can be described and analyzed based on conceptual domains in constructing the mental spaces suggested in conceptual blending theory
Zahra Alimorad; Amir Saeid Molodi; Roghayeh Salahi
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine and compare the knowledge sources and strategies used to infer the meaning of Persian words derived from Arabic by successful and less successful Arab-speaking learners of Persian. To achieve this objective, a standard reading test and think-aloud protocols were used ...
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The present study aimed to examine and compare the knowledge sources and strategies used to infer the meaning of Persian words derived from Arabic by successful and less successful Arab-speaking learners of Persian. To achieve this objective, a standard reading test and think-aloud protocols were used to collect the necessary data. At the outset of the study, 10 Lebanese Arab speaking learners of Persian were asked to express the meanings of 64 de-contextualized Persian words derived from Arabic. Then, depending on the number of words whose meanings were unknown to them, each participant was asked to express the meanings of the 64 unfamiliar words in a short story. During this process, they were asked to elaborate on the knowledge sources and strategies they used to infer the meanings of the unknown words. Meanwhile, their voice was recorded, and later transcribed, and coded. Inter- and intra-coding reliabilities were also checked. Moreover, the reading comprehension test was given to the participants in order to categorize them into successful and less successful readers. Results of the study showed that the successful readers used fewer knowledge sources and strategies to infer the meanings of Persian words derived from Arabic compared to their less successful counterparts.
Mona Valipoor
Abstract
The Arabic grammar tradition is one of the most important linguistic schools in history- a school whose achievements in many cases are as important as the achievements of the modern linguistic studies. The present study, by explaining the conformity of the threefold divisions of the verbal mood (declarative, ...
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The Arabic grammar tradition is one of the most important linguistic schools in history- a school whose achievements in many cases are as important as the achievements of the modern linguistic studies. The present study, by explaining the conformity of the threefold divisions of the verbal mood (declarative, subjunctive, and imperative) with the triple subdivision of the verbs into marfu’, mansub and majzum in Arabic grammar, attempts to explain how the Arabic language grammarians have described the functions of subjunctive mood through the elements they have referred to. The results of this study indicate that Sibawayhi, the leader of the school of Basra and the writer of the oldest book on the Arabic grammar, has been aware of the role of realis/irrealis distinction in the uses of the mansub (subjunctive) and marfu’ (declarative). Moreover, through some of his comments, it is possible to derive the importance of the speaker’s view in determining whether or not the proposition is definite. On the other hand, the study reveals how al-Farra, the most prominent grammarian of the Kufa School, has emphasized the role of time and temporal implications in explaining the applications of the subjunctive mood. Subsequent grammarians, following their syntactic views, have supplemented this discussion and, for instance, have mentioned the distinction between absolute time and relative time to determine temporal implications of the present subjunctive mood. Currently, linguists without having access to the findings of this tradition, have discovered the importance of these two components in the applications of the subjunctive mood; On the basis of the findings of the present study, such an achievement can be traced its origin back to more than a thousand years ago in the books of Arabic grammarians.
Zohre Sadat Naseri; Jalillolah Faroughi Handavalan; Amin Naseri; Ebrahim Mohammadi
Abstract
Critical discourse analysis is the modern approach to discourse analysis which has been used in a wide range of disciplines in recent decades, including literature and psychology. Although critical discourse analysis approach prioritizes the relationship among language, power, ideology and discourse ...
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Critical discourse analysis is the modern approach to discourse analysis which has been used in a wide range of disciplines in recent decades, including literature and psychology. Although critical discourse analysis approach prioritizes the relationship among language, power, ideology and discourse in political-social issues, it is possible to analyze and interpret the literature of nations in the context of critical discourse analysis and linguistic criticism. Tarikh-e Beyhaqi is among those literary works which can be studied in the framework of this approach. It enables the analyst to reveal the relationship among power, ideology and discourse. Linguistically examining the episode ‘The Death of Bunasr-e Moshkan’, the present study sought to explore the deep and hidden layers of the text, i.e. the status of the relationship between power and ideology in Ghaznavi period. It also aimed at achieving critical defamiliarization through discovering and interpreting different ideologies in the text. In so doing, the writers used Norman Fairclough’s approach in critical discourse analysis and analyzed the text in descriptive, interpretive and expressive layers. In descriptive layer, word selection, characters and metaphorical aspects are emphasized, so that the ideological approach of Beihaghi is expressed. The noticeable features of this part included the cold and lifeless space dominating the episode, the serious state of society at that time, and the sense of freedom-seeking and desperation of the protagonist. All of these features were masterfully indicated in words and expressions of the episode. In interpretive layer, the emotional and mental crisis of that time and the discourse of different groups of people are interpreted through intertextuality. In expressive layer, the contrasts of mental comfort and discomfort, responsibility and irresponsibility, loyalty and betrayal, and friendship and enmity, adds a contrastive excitement to the episode.
Abbas Ali Ahangar; Mohammad Amir Mashhadi; Zeinab Teimoorirabor
Abstract
Van Leeuwen’s (2008) critical discourse analysis approach is one of the analytical approaches of text. It has two main components including exclusion and inclusion, each one having different sub-components. The purpose of this research is to study and analyze the way the components of exclusion ...
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Van Leeuwen’s (2008) critical discourse analysis approach is one of the analytical approaches of text. It has two main components including exclusion and inclusion, each one having different sub-components. The purpose of this research is to study and analyze the way the components of exclusion including suppression and backgrounding and some components of inclusion comprising impersonalization, categorization, personalization, passivation, generalization, and their subcomponents are manifested in representing social actors in “Bijan and Manijeh” story from Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. In this regard, different types of sentences in this work were identified and counted. Then the usage frequency, percentage, and significance level of each component and the relevant sub-components were assessed via statistical analysis and Chi-square test. The research results show that the poet has used all sub-components of exclusion and the given components of inclusion under investigation in this story. Besides, Chi-square test results designate there is a comparatively significant relationship between the application frequencies of major intended components compared with each other and also their sub-components. The analysis of exclusion results reveals the poet does not have a tendency to secretly represent the social actors. Also, the results of the inclusion components under study demonstrate the poet has used positive appraisement and subjection sub-components and has tried to characterize the social actors more effectively with a positive value. Moreover, in most sentences, the social actors are represented by giving reference to their utterances, physical features, and using similes and metaphors.
Reza Mohammadi; Hossein Bazoubandi
Abstract
Undoubtedly, the use of modern linguistic theories for the analysis of religious texts can pave the way for a better understanding of such texts. Among the new theories, which today have a special place and wide application in text analysis and other linguistic areas, is Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) ...
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Undoubtedly, the use of modern linguistic theories for the analysis of religious texts can pave the way for a better understanding of such texts. Among the new theories, which today have a special place and wide application in text analysis and other linguistic areas, is Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) of Halliday and Matthiessen (2014). According to this theory, the structure of language is influenced by the functions that language plays in the communication context and in the outside world, and this effect is manifested in the form of three broad metafunctions: ideational, interpersonal and textual. Since the emphasis of interpersonal metafunction is on the way of exchanging meaning between the speaker and the audience, its application in the analysis of religious texts, while making a better understanding of such texts, can be an appropriate benchmark for assessing the ability to generalize this theory. Therefore, using a descriptive-analytical method in terms of the Systematic Functional approach of Halliday and Matthiessen (2014), the present study aims to analyze one of the most famous sermons of Nahj al-Balagha, i.e. Shaqshaqiya Sermon. The main results of the research show that, despite the dominant frequency of indicative mood, Imam Ali (AS) throughout this sermon has somehow acted in the exchange and transfer of meaning as if both sides of the interaction engage in the construction of the text, thus avoiding any kind of one-sidedness and unilateral. Moreover, since the sermon has been delivered by the motive and the purpose of establishing the right of the caliphate by Commander of the Faithful Imam Ali, while at the same time, Imam does not use the Inshai terms for persuasion of the audience in addressing the audience in the sermon, the reason for this can be that Imam was so certain of his rightfulness and position as to the caliphate that he merely has used the indicative mood and he did not even need to use such terms to prove such a right.
Qodrat Javdani
Volume 5, Issue 7 , March 2016, , Pages 133-109
Abstract
According to Krashen’s Natural Order Hypothesis (1982), the grammatical structures of second languages are acquired in a pre-determined natural order. Previous research studies have corroborated the stages during acquisition of some grammatical structures of second languages. In an attempt ...
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According to Krashen’s Natural Order Hypothesis (1982), the grammatical structures of second languages are acquired in a pre-determined natural order. Previous research studies have corroborated the stages during acquisition of some grammatical structures of second languages. In an attempt to explore the acquisition order of Persian voices by speakers of other languages, the researcher designed 15 pairs of paraphrases and distributed them among the participants at different linguistic levels. The participants were asked to select sample sentences they had learned and used first regardless of the order present in their textbooks. The data were analyzed in terms of those obtained by examining Persian-acquiring children. Analysis of data showed that like Persian-acquiring children, almost all speakers of other languages acquire active voice structure first in order.
Adel Rafiei; Sara Torabi
Abstract
Default inheritance is one of the critical notions in network approaches to language which considers linguistic knowledge to be comprised of constructional nodes at different levels of abstraction and hierarchical relations among them. Based on this mechanism, properties are inherited from higher to ...
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Default inheritance is one of the critical notions in network approaches to language which considers linguistic knowledge to be comprised of constructional nodes at different levels of abstraction and hierarchical relations among them. Based on this mechanism, properties are inherited from higher to lower nodes unless the lower node already has other specifications for the property. The importance of this mechanism becomes evident when describing a set of linguistic constructions which show some differences despite having common features. The use of default inheritance enables us not only to maintain the generalizations governing similar constructions, but also to justify the differences among them. It also makes it possible to show the connectedness of such constructions in the language network without the need for labeling the slightly deviated instances as exceptional. Through applying a construction-based morphology and focusing on the interpretation of default inheritance as motivation, the present paper tries to explain the role of word formation patterns in the production and understanding of complex words which do not necessarily correspond to their governing patterns regarding all their form-meaning specifications. To this end, instantiations of three Persian word formation patterns, «-zɑr», «-eʃ» and «ɑmiz», are investigated and the existence of apparently exceptional instances associated with these patterns is justified through three concepts of constructional schemas, default inheritance and gradient motivation.
Ebrahim Badakhshan; Mohammad Zamani
Abstract
In this paper, the aim is to analyze and describe the process of glide formation in Kurdish (Kalhori dialect) using optimality theory of concurrency approach. It will be shown in this paper that, contrary to many languages such as the languages of Niger-Congo in which the [REL-const] constraint is high-ranking ...
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In this paper, the aim is to analyze and describe the process of glide formation in Kurdish (Kalhori dialect) using optimality theory of concurrency approach. It will be shown in this paper that, contrary to many languages such as the languages of Niger-Congo in which the [REL-const] constraint is high-ranking in the order of constraints, this constraint is of a low rank in the Kalhori dialect. It will be also shown that glide formation in Kurdish can be applied to non-high vowels such as /e/, as well as high vowels. Therefore, the raising of V1 for glide formation in the Kalhori dialect, contrary to many world languages, is not a fundamental and determining condition. It will also be shown that the condition of raising for the output of the phonological device is not rigid, that is the output from the phonological device of this dialect can be, in its own specific condition and position, raised, such as /y/, or non-high, such as /Y/.
Abstract
The direct reference theory encounters problems in face of some semantic issues, including reference to non-existents and the substitutivity of co-referent proper names in propositional attitude sentences. That is because the only thing which constitutes the meaning of an expression in this theory is ...
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The direct reference theory encounters problems in face of some semantic issues, including reference to non-existents and the substitutivity of co-referent proper names in propositional attitude sentences. That is because the only thing which constitutes the meaning of an expression in this theory is the referent associated with that expression. This paper, relying on a concept referred to as "discourse referent", attempts to answer two basic questions in this regard: a) Why does the substitution of two co-referent expressions in a propositional attitude sentence change the truth value of that sentence? b) How is it possible to refer to identities in a text while there are no real referents in the outside world to associate with them? In response to the above questions, it is said that what constitutes the reference of an expression is a discourse referent which is, in turn, associated with one or more real and formed referents or with one abstract and non-formed referent. In fact, reference is a dynamic and multi-level phenomenon that simultaneously involves language and world.
Mohammad Ali Azarshab; Sadollah Homayuni
Abstract
Language, as the highest cultural and civilizational phenomenon, is one of the skills acquired through the foreign traditions and community of speakers. Meanwhile, language, as the most important factor in transmitting the past culture and heritage, has a significant role in clarifying and organizing ...
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Language, as the highest cultural and civilizational phenomenon, is one of the skills acquired through the foreign traditions and community of speakers. Meanwhile, language, as the most important factor in transmitting the past culture and heritage, has a significant role in clarifying and organizing the thoughts and beliefs of society, which is considered as one of the main constituents of identity, personality and culture of societies. Language transaction and cultural and civilizational impacts can be realized throughout history by looking at the intertwined relationships of Arabs and Iranians in different cultural, religious, political, strategic, and other dimensions. These relationships are revealed at two levels of language and culture more than anything else. An important point regarding learning a foreign language is that the cultural approach of communities to foreign languages is influenced by the culture in the broad sense of word. Macro policies of teaching Arabic language in Iran are influenced, intentionally or unintentionally, by this approach and cultural attitudes. In most cases, these attitudes are not consistent with the macro goals and strategies of this field due to cultural, social and political challenges. The present study seeks to analyze the good and friendly linguistic-cultural relations of Arabs and Iranians in the past, and to investigate the causes of the decline of learning Arabic language from two perspectives of culture and language policy making/planning. As such, the present study provides basic approaches and plans to promote teaching Arabic language at both general and specialized levels.
Iran Abdi; Mehrdad Naghzguye kohan
Abstract
One of the most important issues in cognitive linguistics is Spatial Orientation. Languages use sources such as human body (body-part), landmarks, dynamic concept (typically motion verbs like come, go, etc.) and cardinal direction to conceptualize spatial and geographic directions. Every language uses ...
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One of the most important issues in cognitive linguistics is Spatial Orientation. Languages use sources such as human body (body-part), landmarks, dynamic concept (typically motion verbs like come, go, etc.) and cardinal direction to conceptualize spatial and geographic directions. Every language uses the whole or some of these sources based on its historical and cultural issues. The present study sought to consider the features and sources of Spatial orientation in Persian language based on of Heine’s (1997) theory. The results of the study indicated that Persian language employs human body and animal body (anthropomorphic and zoomorphic model) as the main source of conceptualization, since the bodily experience in space serves as the basis for the majority of metaphorical expressions. The next source was Landmarks (environment – specific features) such as rivers, mountains and rocky places, sea and trees and other related properties. The third and final sources were motion and cardinal directions respectively
Seyedeh Khadijeh Mirbazel; Masoumeh Arjmandi
Abstract
AbstractA question that historians and religious scholars have long been unable to come up with a convincing answer is on the story of Dhu Al-Qarnayn, which is described in the Torah, the Bible, and the Quran. Some call him the King of Yemen, some Macedonian Alexander, and many believe he is the Cyrus ...
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AbstractA question that historians and religious scholars have long been unable to come up with a convincing answer is on the story of Dhu Al-Qarnayn, which is described in the Torah, the Bible, and the Quran. Some call him the King of Yemen, some Macedonian Alexander, and many believe he is the Cyrus King of Persia. The name "Dhu Al-Qarnayn" is mentioned three times in the 18th Surah of the Quran (Al-Kahf, verses 83 to 98) that the story and his identity are always in question. With the aim of identifying "Dhu Al-Qarnayn" through descriptive-analytical method, this study tried to analyze the aforementioned verses of the Surah Al-Kahf (words and sentences) based on the three levels of Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis (CDA): critical description, interpretation, and explanation. The CDA approach emphasizes the need to pay attention to the preservation and observance of all aspects of language, context and discourse. The present study in the process of CDA of those verses concluded that Dhu Al-Qarnayn is not the Yemeni king, Macedonian Alexander, and the Persian king Cyrus, who were all conquerors. Dhu Al-Qarnayn is a prophet from God Almighty with a mission to reform and help the servants of God and lived in the Iron Age before the birth of Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad (PBUH).
Raheleh Gandomkar; Mehraneh Maarefvand
Abstract
The present study aims to analyze the process of homonym morphemes interpretation in Persian on the basis of a Perceptual approach. There have been two dominant approaches in the history of word meaning studies namely Word-based and Morpheme-based approaches which have been used by many researches in ...
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The present study aims to analyze the process of homonym morphemes interpretation in Persian on the basis of a Perceptual approach. There have been two dominant approaches in the history of word meaning studies namely Word-based and Morpheme-based approaches which have been used by many researches in word and morphemes meaning studies until now. This research first studies the disadvantages of each of the two approaches, then with the help of 20 homonyms taken from farhang-e fešorde-ye soxan and by interviewing 50 non linguistics graduates using the Perceptual approach framework introduced by Safavi concludes that Persian speakers interpret the meaning of homonyms based on word meaning. According to this issue, unlike what has been introduced in the traditional studies of meaning known as meaning 'compositionality' (part - whole), the meaning of morphemes is interpreted by using meaning 'decompositionality' (whole - part) with the help of contextual information including perceptual context A (Linguistic context), B (The present situation in which the context A is produced), and specifically context C (The background information) based on the Perceptual approach. In fact, not having accessibility to contextual information makes language speakers confused in interpreting the morphemes in these words. So, homonym interpretation in Persian relies on the word interpretation by means of the present contextual information inside the words based on meaning decompositionality.
Reza Morad Sahraee; Shohrehalsadat Sajjadi; Shiva Majidi; Amirhossein Mojiri
Abstract
Corona is a phenomenon that the living human being has not experienced before, and it happens so suddenly that it causes the closure of Persian language classes in the world. There are 14 Lebanese students studying at the Center of Teaching Persian to Speakers of Other Languages at Allameh Tabataba'i ...
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Corona is a phenomenon that the living human being has not experienced before, and it happens so suddenly that it causes the closure of Persian language classes in the world. There are 14 Lebanese students studying at the Center of Teaching Persian to Speakers of Other Languages at Allameh Tabataba'i University, who were getting ready to attend academic study in Iranian universities for the year 1399. They have spent half of their Persian-learning course in face-to-face classes where they have encountered Coronavirus problems. In order to solve their problem, Azfa center has shifted their class to virtual online classes. This article reports the result of the virtual Persian classes that took place in this center. The question of this research is: Whether virtual online classes can be replaced with face-to-face education in emergency conditions? The results showed that the rate of language learners' progress in Coronavirus epidemic conditions (virtual education) was not significantly different from face-to-face teaching. Lebanese learners were also largely satisfied with learning Persian virtually. It can be concluded that in emergency situations, the web platform can be used for language teaching. In order to answer the question of the research, we have used students' progress tests and compared the grades of face-to-face classes with virtual online classes and also used a researcher-made questionnaire to measure students' satisfaction.
