ُShayesteh Sadat Mousavi
Abstract
Among new achievements of cognitive linguistics some have resulted from returning to the concepts of literary traditions, from which one can mention the participation of metaphor, metonymy, and allegory in the process of cognition, and metaphor and metonymy have always had a place of significance. In ...
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Among new achievements of cognitive linguistics some have resulted from returning to the concepts of literary traditions, from which one can mention the participation of metaphor, metonymy, and allegory in the process of cognition, and metaphor and metonymy have always had a place of significance. In the history of Western rhetorics the relation between these two was not at issue as they are disconnected in nature. In subsequent eras, they were even regarded as having a confrontational relation. Unlike Western rhetoricians, Muslim rhetoricians have always maintained a close relation between metonymy and metaphor. They considered metaphor as a type of metonymy. In this paper, we are going to show that the metonymic basis of metaphors, as the Muslim rhetoricians believe, is a provable matter of fact. For this purpose and as the first step, we deal with the evolution of approaches towards metonymy and metaphor in Western and Islamic rhetoric history. Then, we will discuss how the confrontation of these two concepts fades as cognitive studies come to work. Still, the cognitivists mostly do not believe that all types of metaphor rise from metonymy, while the Muslim rhetoricians firmly believe that all types of metaphor have a metonymic basis. We are going to show that not only some but all kinds of metaphors have a metonymic basis and all types of conceptual metaphors are constructed upon conceptual metonymy. The theory of Categorization which is one of the most significant ones in cognitive studies has been part of our argumentation framework.
Introduction
Among new achievements of cognitive linguistics, some have resulted from returning to the concepts of literary traditions and the roles that they play in the constituting of the process of thinking. From these achievements one can mention the participation of mechanisms like metaphor, metonymy, and allegory in the process of cognition, among those metaphor and metonymy have always had the place of power and significance. During the history of Western rhetoric, these two concepts have been for a long time regarded as two independent ornamental figures of speech and the correlation between them was not at issue. In subsequent eras, these two were even regarded as having a confrontational relation. Unlike Western rhetoricians,
Muslim rhetoricians have always maintained a close relation between metonymy and metaphor. They considered all types of metaphors derived from metonymy. Interestingly, in very recent linguistic research of metaphor, particularly Cognitive studies, the correlation between metaphor and metonymy was drawn forward. Still, not all but only parts of metaphors were acknowledged to be related to metonymies.
In this research, I am going to show if the metonymic basis of metaphors, as the Muslim rhetoricians believe, is a provable matter of fact.
Literature Review
Metaphor and its cognitive weight is discussed by a significant number of Western rhetoricians. In this regard, the metaphor-oriented ideas of Western rhetoricians from Aristotle (1987) to Vico (1968), Burke (1969), Lacan (1977), Foucault (1970), Vico (1968), White (1978), Jacobson (2002) and etc, are discussed. Then, the comments of cognitive rhetoricians like Lakeoff (1987), Lakeoff and Johnson (1980), and Kövecses (2013) show that the confrontation of metaphor and metonymy tends to fade in some part. Kövecses (2013) has the closest literature to this paper, since he precisely shows why some parts of metaphors are derived from metonymy. Jurjani (1991) and his followers also discuss how the metaphor must be regarded as a production of metonymy.
Methodology
Through applying cognitive linguistics approaches and by taking a deductive approach, I will show that not only some but, as Muslim rhetoricians maintain, all kinds of metaphors have a metonymic basis and all types of conceptual metaphors are constructed upon conceptual metonymy. The theory of Categorization which is from the most significant ones in cognitive and pre-cognitive studies has been part of our argumentation framework.
Discussion
While Linguists like Jacobson consider a confrontational relation between metaphor and metonymy, cognitive linguists believe that the metaphors based on resemblance are made of metonymy but those based on correlation are not metonymic. Muslim rhetoricians, following Jurjani (1991), assert that all types of metaphors are metonymic in basis. They believe that metaphor is not only a lexical replacement but a new conceptual production; So, when we use a word in metaphorical concept, we are transforming it from the previous domain (matter or Jins ـ جنس ـ in Islamic texts) to a new one. Indeed, the factor of resemblance permits us to correlate a concept with concepts of a new domain so that the concept becomes different in essence and evolves into a new meaning. As an example, when we call a brave person a "lion" it is not a mere simile or resemblance but for us the brave person is actually a lion. In this meaning, the brave person and lion are gathered in a new domain while in the previous meaning animals and humans do not belong to a unit domain or category. Here by referring to the cognitive function of "category", with special attention to the new concept of category in philosophies like Wittgenstein's (1953), we can deduce that all resemblances derive from the correlation of concepts in a new category. Contrary to classical approaches to categorization, such as Aristotle's, new ones do not take that categories are founded on common characteristics
among their members. Members of a category may be way different in appearance and quality, since categories are all lingual in the essence. So, we can apply a word in metaphorical concept just because it can state in a new category with adjacency of essences it did not use to be homogenous with. When the brave man states in the new category with adjacency/ correlation of warrior animals, we can use the word "lion" for him.
Conclusion
According to Kövecses (2013), correlation metaphors are based on metonymy. Correlation metaphors are based on two connected concepts from a unit domain. They can be attached due to adjacency or coincidence. But he claims that resemblance metaphors are not based on metonymy because two attached concepts in this type of metaphor are not from the same domain, so adjacency can't be a matter of fact.
The late approaches to categorization prove the inaccuracy of Kövecses' hypothesis about resemblance metaphors. Recent linguistic studies argue that categories are not bonded to factual common characteristics of the members but they are all lingual/mental in nature, so they can collect non-homogenous objects. In this view, the resembled item, despite of its heterogeneity with other members, can stay on with them in the same category. Here one can see the accuracy of Jurjani's idea of the resembled word (metaphor) entering a new domain (Jins).
Being in a unit category provides the adjacency, even though mentally not factually. So, the resemblance metaphors are also based on metonymy. Kövecses and his followers considered metonymic basis only for correlated metaphors because they regarded
metonymies as confined to factual adjacency. But regarding the lingual/mental nature of categorization, we can determine that the resembled item is also in adjacency with the other items of the category i.e. domain. So, all types of metaphors must be regarded as metonymic in the basis.
Fatemeh Habibi; Fathiyeh Fattahizadeh
Abstract
This study represents the Motion Event in the verb of going in the Holy Quran, based on the structure semantic network of the preposition الی /ila/(towards). This study aims to examine the verb of going and the preposition of الی (towards) on semantic network based on Tolmy’s Motion ...
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This study represents the Motion Event in the verb of going in the Holy Quran, based on the structure semantic network of the preposition الی /ila/(towards). This study aims to examine the verb of going and the preposition of الی (towards) on semantic network based on Tolmy’s Motion theory .In collecting said corpus, 88 verbs were extracted from verses consisting of the deep structure of the verb “going”; The relevant samples were collected and analyzed. The results showed that, the preposition ofالی has the most frequent usages. This preposition represents the end-destination concept, however, its usage is not limited in this sense. Also new concepts of direction (within, outside, high) and state (mental, physical) were encoded by this preposition. One of the results of this study, is representation semantic network of the position الی, which causes the existing knowledge of this concept in the Holy Quran to be promoted.
Ameneh Karimi; Gholam Hosain Karimi Dootan
Abstract
The aim of the study is to investigate Malekshahi Kurdish metaphorical idioms with body part “dam”. Malekshahi is one main part of the Southern Kurdish in Ilam province. The data is collected from native speakers of Malekshahi Kurdish. A common part of metaphorical idioms of Malekshahi is ...
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The aim of the study is to investigate Malekshahi Kurdish metaphorical idioms with body part “dam”. Malekshahi is one main part of the Southern Kurdish in Ilam province. The data is collected from native speakers of Malekshahi Kurdish. A common part of metaphorical idioms of Malekshahi is investigated in the present research with a focus on two body parts “mouth” and “face” conceptualization, in light of cognitive semantic. Based on the research findings, a significant part of the metaphors has a structural nature. “Chewing”, “war”, “fire eruption” and “captivity” are some source domains and “debate”, “freedom”, “disregard”, “secrecy” and “sorrow” are some target domains of these metaphors. “container”, “volcano”, “animate”, “cage”, “respect” and “claim” are some cited mappings for word “dam” in Malekshahi Kurdish metaphors. The findings also show that “war” is the most frequent source domain and “heed” is the most frequent target domain in these metaphorical idioms. Differences between the frequency occurrence of these two domains arises from various mapping in frequent domains.
Saeede Shoja razavi
Abstract
There is a great deal of research in the field of lexical polynomials today.The present study also deals with the polynomial approach of verb (dinmeh) in cognitive approach to poetry in poetry (Achi Machi Sleep), by Shivan Foomani. This research can be the initiator of some studies that we ...
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There is a great deal of research in the field of lexical polynomials today.The present study also deals with the polynomial approach of verb (dinmeh) in cognitive approach to poetry in poetry (Achi Machi Sleep), by Shivan Foomani. This research can be the initiator of some studies that we can study dialects not only with phonetic and syntactic science but also with semantic knowledge. The statistical population of the present study is the most widely used verb in visual poetry in the poetry of Shivan Foomani Because in this poem, all kinds of verbs of seeing and its semantic variety are well mentioned. The important issue in this study is that How highlighting insemantic components of verb can create multiple meanings. There are three semantic components of the verb, the subject, and the comprehension. All three of these elements are equally involved in the semantic structure of the verb in constructing a syllable but as we move away from the meaning of the syllogism, this verb has changed and we have been highlighted in one or two elements. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The survey shows that this verb, in addition to the concept of seeing expressions of concepts: imagining, dreaming, imagining, assuming, forgetting, praying, cursing, hearing, eating, smelling, understanding, understanding, understanding, precision, sharing, receiving, witnessing, being It is facing, facing, experiencing and visualizing.
Vahid Tavoli; Shahram Modarres Khiabani; Bahram Modarresi; Farideh Mohseni Hanji
Abstract
Rudaki is one of the poets whose poetry collection has not been found and the The present paper has been written to examine the jokes about the outbreak of Covid-19 which have been circulated in the social media. Linguistic and discoursal analysis of these types of jokes which are sociolinguistically ...
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Rudaki is one of the poets whose poetry collection has not been found and the The present paper has been written to examine the jokes about the outbreak of Covid-19 which have been circulated in the social media. Linguistic and discoursal analysis of these types of jokes which are sociolinguistically called "disaster jokes", could contribute to elaborating different aspects of this social phenomenon as a means to show the public culture in the socio-cultural framework of the society. The data of the present paper includes over 100 Covid-19 related jokes which have been collected from the virtual networks and some applications such as telegram and whatsapp within 90days from February to May 2020 made and circulated in Iran. The present data in this paper have been analysed and examined based on general theory of verbal humour and xi2 test. Having examined the existing data in this paper, the authors found a meaningful relationship between "Logical Mechanism" and "Script Opposition" as two main knowledge sources. Furthermore, examining the present data depicts that the political, religion, critical and sexual issues have been linked to these jokes to form humour and irony; accordingly, these jokes can be classified under political, religious, sexual, ethic and neutral categories. In addition, a meaningful relationship between these jokes and script opposition can be taken into consideration.
SomayehSomayeh Hatamzadeh; Reza Kazemian
Abstract
Conceptual metaphors play a pivotal role in understanding different aspects of life. One of these aspects is illness which remained a rich area of investigation in Persian. Current study took a cognitive-corpus approach and adopted the conceptual metaphor model (Lakoff & Johnson,1980; Kövecses, ...
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Conceptual metaphors play a pivotal role in understanding different aspects of life. One of these aspects is illness which remained a rich area of investigation in Persian. Current study took a cognitive-corpus approach and adopted the conceptual metaphor model (Lakoff & Johnson,1980; Kövecses, 2005) to examine Corona-related metaphors. The case studies comprised Persian press reports describing Corona-related news taken from newspaper websites over the period spanning almost the three months since the first Corona Virus case was reported in Iran. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were done examining the frequency and metaphoric statements related to COVID-19. 176 metaphoric statements with 8 main mappings (war, human, journey, natural force, wild animal, game, tool, and fire) were identified. The findings showed that “war metaphor” is the most frequent one with almost 60 percent of all metaphor occurrences. The results of the study also verified the direct connection between culture and illness metaphors.
Seyedeh Mahdis Mirzadeh; Arsalan Golfam; Mahnaz Karbalaei Sadegh
Abstract
Understanding the way that abstract information has been expressed in the different languages is one of the attractive subjects in cognitive linguistics. In this regard, Idioms as a part of cultural and national identity of speakers can play an important role in understanding concepts and linguistic ...
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Understanding the way that abstract information has been expressed in the different languages is one of the attractive subjects in cognitive linguistics. In this regard, Idioms as a part of cultural and national identity of speakers can play an important role in understanding concepts and linguistic materials. So in the present study we have tried to examine the representations of image schemas in two languages; Persian and English, within the framework of cognitive semantics and based on Johnson's Schematic Model (1987). Therefore, we selected the data from the “Common Persian Idioms and Phrases: Persian-English” which was provided by Bateni (2013) and have studied them in a descriptive-analytical way. This paper explores the conceptual image schemas of idioms in Persian and then compares them with their English equivalent. The results show that the mental coding process of idioms in these two languages can be divided in 6 ways and in most cases this process was similar between these languages. Moreover, English has the most schematic similarity between their information and messages. The pass and force schema are the most common in English and Persian, respectively. Due to the conceptual schemas are dynamic patterns in cognitive semantics which are not studied thoroughly the idioms of these Languages in past; so the importance and the objective of this study was the analysis of this phenomenon in the context of conceptual schema and also explain the relationship between the speakers language and mind.
Nesa Mihanparast; Arsalan Golfam; Hayat Ameri
Abstract
Polysemy, being among the conceptual relationships that is important and frequent in Persian, is very close to cognitive concepts. In FrameNet, which is an on-line project in the field of English vocabulary at the University of Berkeley based on frame semantics theory of Fillmore in 1997, each word is ...
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Polysemy, being among the conceptual relationships that is important and frequent in Persian, is very close to cognitive concepts. In FrameNet, which is an on-line project in the field of English vocabulary at the University of Berkeley based on frame semantics theory of Fillmore in 1997, each word is related to a frame and relations between words indirectly derive from direct relationship with the frames. This is what can lead to polysemy. In FrameNet, which is considered a huge development in the formation of cognitive semantics, linguistic concepts are seen as related forms in a semantic network and representation of these frames in lexical units. In this descriptive-analytic study, some Persian verbs which are extracted from the dictionary of Anvari (1381) and have the meaning of becoming-aware, are selected in order to find all the semantic frames related to the various meanings of these lexical units on the one hand, and to define the relations between these seemingly different formats and their derivation from the main frame (Prototype) on the other hand. In so doing, the mechanisms of polysemy words in Persian FrameNet are explained.
