saeede shoja razavi
Abstract
Whereas Persian bilingual children in kindergartens make their best attempts to properly apply language rules, they cannot be as successful in understanding and applying metaphorical phrases as Persian monolingual children. The present study, therefore, adopting cognitive- sociolinguistics perspective, ...
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Whereas Persian bilingual children in kindergartens make their best attempts to properly apply language rules, they cannot be as successful in understanding and applying metaphorical phrases as Persian monolingual children. The present study, therefore, adopting cognitive- sociolinguistics perspective, sought to study the bilingual factor in the level of comprehension and application of metaphorical expressions of these children. The methodology of this research was descriptive-experimental. The study was based on the Bialka-Pikul’s (2003) approach. It was found that bilingual children expressed more equalities than monolingual children in the metaphorical idiomatic expressions questionnaire and responded better than them. In the dual card test, bilingual children had the highest score in the metaphor of taste and the lowest score in the metaphor of sound. Monolingual children, on the other hand, had the lowest score in the tactile metaphor and the highest score in the metaphor of taste. It was concluded that while bilingual children received third-level score in the test of dual cards, monolingual children earned fourth-level score or full use.
Sajjad Badri
Abstract
Today, dealers, institutions and service providers need to attract customers to their product with effective advertisements. The commercials then play an important role for selling and effectively attracting customers. The language tools help to encourage customers to purchase goods. Jakobson- linguist ...
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Today, dealers, institutions and service providers need to attract customers to their product with effective advertisements. The commercials then play an important role for selling and effectively attracting customers. The language tools help to encourage customers to purchase goods. Jakobson- linguist and founder of the Prague school- enumerated six roles for language, one of which is the conative role. According to this view, it is possible to distinguish three types of conative roles: encouraging, descriptive and threatening. In the present study, 100 cases of frequently encountered commercials were reviewed. The findings of the study indicated that the encouraging conative role (47%) was used more frequently than descriptive conative (46%) and threatening conative (7%) roles
Solmaz Mahmoudi
Abstract
ersian relative clause is a post-nominal subordinate clause; that is, Persian relative construction which can be followed by a demonstrative has ‘Det N RC’ word order. The configuration of relative structure follows the base generated analysis: head noun base generated in the Spec, DP which ...
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ersian relative clause is a post-nominal subordinate clause; that is, Persian relative construction which can be followed by a demonstrative has ‘Det N RC’ word order. The configuration of relative structure follows the base generated analysis: head noun base generated in the Spec, DP which is co-indexed with pronoun inside the relative clause. In the present study, it is proposed that a base generation analysis of the head noun and its optional determiner in the Spec of the complex DP accounts more adequately for Persian data than raising analysis. Unlike English relative construction which uses the null operator, Persian relative construction allows a gap and an optional clitic pronoun to represent the head noun within the relative clause. The study sought to provide evidence supporting the above mentioned analysis. It was found that the relative element which occupies the relative gap is the pronoun clitic agreeing ɸ-features with that of relative head noun
seyed hamzeh mousavi
Abstract
The current study attempted to investigate ‘VinflVinfl’ construction in Persian based on construction grammar (Lakoff, 1987; Goldberg, 1995; 2003; 2006) and distinguish it from similar constructions. Since construction grammar seeks to categorize various constructions prototypically, it uses ...
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The current study attempted to investigate ‘VinflVinfl’ construction in Persian based on construction grammar (Lakoff, 1987; Goldberg, 1995; 2003; 2006) and distinguish it from similar constructions. Since construction grammar seeks to categorize various constructions prototypically, it uses numerous syntactic-semantic pieces of evidence to differentiate different constructions from each other. The data (around 1300 sentences) were collected from stories, movies and some websites. For each construction a Sem(antic)-Syn(tactic) table was put forward to connect their features together. Furthermore, semantic constraints on these constructions such as negation and kinds of participant verbs were shown clearly. It was found that, in ‘VinflVinfl’, the former verb modifies the latter, which is a verb of movement. Its idiosyncratic feature is that it is not negated and is different from ‘Vinfl & Vinfl’. Moreover, ‘VinflVinfl’ is differentiated from other constructions such as ‘dāštan.infVinf’, ‘dādan.inf1Vinf2’, ‘VimperativeVimperative’ and idiomatic constructions such as ‘Vimperativebebinam’ and ‘zadan.infVinf’. Finally, it was observed that ‘dāštan.inflVinfl’ is a polysemous construction meaning progression, inchoation, and futurity depending on the context.
Iran Abdi; Mehrdad Naghzguye kohan
Abstract
One of the most important issues in cognitive linguistics is Spatial Orientation. Languages use sources such as human body (body-part), landmarks, dynamic concept (typically motion verbs like come, go, etc.) and cardinal direction to conceptualize spatial and geographic directions. Every language uses ...
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One of the most important issues in cognitive linguistics is Spatial Orientation. Languages use sources such as human body (body-part), landmarks, dynamic concept (typically motion verbs like come, go, etc.) and cardinal direction to conceptualize spatial and geographic directions. Every language uses the whole or some of these sources based on its historical and cultural issues. The present study sought to consider the features and sources of Spatial orientation in Persian language based on of Heine’s (1997) theory. The results of the study indicated that Persian language employs human body and animal body (anthropomorphic and zoomorphic model) as the main source of conceptualization, since the bodily experience in space serves as the basis for the majority of metaphorical expressions. The next source was Landmarks (environment – specific features) such as rivers, mountains and rocky places, sea and trees and other related properties. The third and final sources were motion and cardinal directions respectively
Maryam Ramezankhani
Abstract
The present paper studies the possibility of translating “sense relations” in the level of sentences into formal expressions. In so doing, it applies the mathematical logic, especially the logic of propositions within the constraints of sufficient Farsi examples. That is, firstly, a definition ...
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The present paper studies the possibility of translating “sense relations” in the level of sentences into formal expressions. In so doing, it applies the mathematical logic, especially the logic of propositions within the constraints of sufficient Farsi examples. That is, firstly, a definition for each relation in sentence level is presented. Secondly, using the tools of propositional logic, a formal translation for each relation is offered. Then, each of the proposed relation is shown to be in accordance with its corresponding sense relation; finally, the efficiency of the formal expression is tested by examples from Farsi. The sense relations discussed are as follows: entailment, contradiction, inference, and presupposition. The author concluded that the sense relation of “synonymy” is, basically, impossible to be translated into formal expression since there are no two sentences in any language that can be considered “synonymous”. Thus, no formal translation can be proposed for “synonymy” in the sentence level.
Mohsen Ghassemi; Roya Sedighi Ziabari; reza kheirabadi
Abstract
In recent years, game theory has penetrated various sciences such as political science, computer science, biology and the social sciences. It has been used to explain and interpret some of the dumb concepts and to study a wide range of topics including how decision makers interact in a competitive environment, ...
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In recent years, game theory has penetrated various sciences such as political science, computer science, biology and the social sciences. It has been used to explain and interpret some of the dumb concepts and to study a wide range of topics including how decision makers interact in a competitive environment, in which the outcome of each factor’s decision influences the outcomes of other factors. The present study, adopting Kerpindorff’s (2004) content analysis approach, sought to analyze the four principles of Grice’s Cooperation Principle (which is based on purpose and meaning) using game theory. The results of the study indicated that in the case of violation of any of the Grice’s principles which may result in communication breakdown, the game theory adequately compensates for it
saadollah homayooni; adnan tahmasbi
Abstract
Syntax, as a major element of message transfer, holds a special position in linguistic research. A major part of the latest theories such as structuralism and functionalism depends largely on syntax, i.e. how to analyze grammatical constructs and other linguistic elements and non-linguistic infrastructures. ...
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Syntax, as a major element of message transfer, holds a special position in linguistic research. A major part of the latest theories such as structuralism and functionalism depends largely on syntax, i.e. how to analyze grammatical constructs and other linguistic elements and non-linguistic infrastructures. The present research study sought to explore the components of functionalist syntax theory, its difference with traditional Arabic syntax theory, and its role in explaining the process of communication. To do so, the researchers aimed to analyze the syntactic approach of Ahmad al-Mutawakul on a pragmatic level using a descriptive-analytical approach. According to this approach, language is used as a means to realize communication in human societies. The results of the study indicated the application of the pragmatic level of applied syntax can provide realistic components appropriate to the reality of the Arabic language and its use in the spoken language community
Hossein Hallajzadeh Bonab; Zahra Delgir
Abstract
Language as a social phenomenon is a reflection of thoughts and ideologies of actors and speakers. It contains the beliefs, worldviews, beliefs, and thoughts of its speakers. It constantly reflects immortalized and encrypted ideologies. Each speaker, from his own point of view, ascribes to the world, ...
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Language as a social phenomenon is a reflection of thoughts and ideologies of actors and speakers. It contains the beliefs, worldviews, beliefs, and thoughts of its speakers. It constantly reflects immortalized and encrypted ideologies. Each speaker, from his own point of view, ascribes to the world, its phenomena and realities, and looks from the angle of his own view to represent those realities. Ideologies are hidden within language and subtly submerged in social structures and become social conventions. Divorce demanding women, as social activists in the family courts, use a variety of linguistic strategies and tools in order to persuade and ideologically inspire their audience in the courts. To probe into the way divorce demanding women use negative constructs for ideological expression of their desires and persuading the judge, the present study explored negative constructs in divorce demanding women’s discourse in family courts based on van Dijk’s (2006) theory of society-Knowledge and discourse. A total of 60 meetings were attended in the counseling center of families of the Public and Revolutionary Tribunal of Zahedan and divorce demanding women’s remarks were collected. The findings of the study showed that the participants used negative construction in order to magnify their positive points and reduce negative points of themselves.
Abdolbaset Arab Yousofabadi; Fereshteh Afzali; Mojtaba behroozi
Abstract
There is a close relationship between language and cultural factors which becomes stronger with expansion of linguistic relations among nations. Translators play a critical role in transferring the culture of source language to target language. There are some interpretations in Arabic novels that are ...
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There is a close relationship between language and cultural factors which becomes stronger with expansion of linguistic relations among nations. Translators play a critical role in transferring the culture of source language to target language. There are some interpretations in Arabic novels that are considered as taboo in Iran demanding the translator to try the most appropriate procedure to reduce the negative meaning of these taboos besides safekeeping the source language. The translator can achieve its goal by providing a radial network of meaning. The present study investigated the taboos of Al-Tashahhi novel (2007, A.D.) by Aliyah Mamdouh based on a descriptive-analytical method. The results of the study indicated that radial network in the translation of Al-Tashahhi taboo is very effective in maintaining the social self-sufficiency of the Persian-speaking audience. Also, semantic implication (41%), allegory (26%), and laconism (11%) is considered as the most frequent semantic network in the proposed translation of Al-Tashahhi taboos
Elinaz Farmahini Farahani; zahra abolhassani chimeh
Abstract
The present study investigated the relationship between native speakers’ attitude towards their language and the level of their language endangerment based on UNESCO’s operational document of living and endangered languages (2003). The data were collected using a researcher-made attitude ...
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The present study investigated the relationship between native speakers’ attitude towards their language and the level of their language endangerment based on UNESCO’s operational document of living and endangered languages (2003). The data were collected using a researcher-made attitude form from 10 villages in three provinces in Iran, namely Tehran, Alborz, and Hormozgan. The results were analyzed through the SPSS statistical software. The findings of the study indicated a positive significant correlation between two variables of native speakers’ attitude and the level of language endangerment. In other words, when the native speakers’ attitude is positive, their language and social identity have safer condition, and when the native speakers’ attitude is negative, it is predicated that language is in serious danger. The present study suggests that to preserve a language, upgrading the native speakers’ attitudes is one of the main solutions.
yaser bakhshiyan; ali allah bedashti; abas izadpanah
Abstract
Philosophy of religion is a new area of study in the field of epistemology. The topic of the language of religion, as one of the important branches of this science, is of particular importance. One of the current prominent philosophers of religion is John Hick. He extends Wiganstein’s “linguistic ...
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Philosophy of religion is a new area of study in the field of epistemology. The topic of the language of religion, as one of the important branches of this science, is of particular importance. One of the current prominent philosophers of religion is John Hick. He extends Wiganstein’s “linguistic game” theory and the general interpretation of the “experience of the kind” to all areas of behavior and religious experiences to arrive at religious pluralism. In fact, Hick based his philosophy of religion on the language and thought boundaries of Wigtenstein and Kant. The important results obtained from John Hick’s method and principles and its extension to all domains makes research on it indispensable. Therefore, the present research study sought to explore and criticize the principles of John Hick’s philosophy of religion and the role of linguistics in the knowledge obtained. The key findings of the study are the existence of a superficial look in linguistics and the lack of belief in the definition of meaning in non-experimental sciences.
