Azita Abbasi
Abstract
In the conjugation of root morpheme, zero morpheme is a morpheme which has semantic load but no visual representation, not in written nor spoken form. As an example, the word رفت in Persian is a third-person, simple past, singular but there are no visual representations in this word to indicate person ...
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In the conjugation of root morpheme, zero morpheme is a morpheme which has semantic load but no visual representation, not in written nor spoken form. As an example, the word رفت in Persian is a third-person, simple past, singular but there are no visual representations in this word to indicate person and number. A group of linguistics analyze this verb as [رفت-Ø]verb and relate the person and number indicators to the zero morpheme. But the zero morpheme, from the viewpoint of many researchers such as Aronov (1976, 1983), Lieber (1981), Bauer (1983, 1988), Schtechaur (1992) and Melchuk (1996), has been criticized for many reasons including multiplicity of grammatical categories and meanings. In the present paper, the nature of the zero morpheme will undergo detailed analysis, and the examples of this morpheme as well as the conditions for its existence determined by linguists will be explained. Then, after providing the reasons for accepting or rejecting the zero morpheme, it will be determined, by proposing linguistic evidence, that what is referred to as the zero morpheme in different references is actually a contextual vacuum in the syntagmatic axis which is filled by the speaker by using the available linguistic and non-linguistic context.
Shahla Raghibdoust; Elahe Kamari
Abstract
Previous research showed that deaf individuals in compare to hearing ones perform weaker in syntactic processing. Therefore, they are expected to compensate for this defect through using their background knowledge. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of deafness on the participants’ ...
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Previous research showed that deaf individuals in compare to hearing ones perform weaker in syntactic processing. Therefore, they are expected to compensate for this defect through using their background knowledge. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of deafness on the participants’ ability to comprehend subject relative clauses, and to determine their strategies in comprehending the semantically plausible subject relative clauses and semantically implausible ones within the theoretical framework of Interactive-Compensatory Model (Stanovich, 1980). The performance of 4 profound deaf students in fifth grades as the experimental group and 4 healthy hearing students as the control group was studied in a cross-sectional research to evaluate their comprehension of semantically plausible subject relative clauses and semantically implausible ones. The findings of this research showed that there was no significant difference between the performance of the deaf and hearing participants in comprehending semantically plausible sentences (p>0/05). However, a significant difference between the performance of the two groups was observed with respect to their comprehension of semantically implausible sentences (p<0/05). Based on the analysis of the data, it was concluded that the difficulty that the deaf experimental group experienced in processing semantically implausible subject relative sentences can be attributed to their use of a top-down strategy in comprehending these syntactic structures.
Azadeh Mirzaei
Abstract
In morphological typology, languages are divided into the three categories of flectional, agglutinative and analytic-based, in terms of conveying grammatical relations such as tense, aspect, gender and the like. Accordingly grammatical features of the verb like agreement, tense, mood, causativity, ...
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In morphological typology, languages are divided into the three categories of flectional, agglutinative and analytic-based, in terms of conveying grammatical relations such as tense, aspect, gender and the like. Accordingly grammatical features of the verb like agreement, tense, mood, causativity, transitivity and so forth are expressed through either affixation, stem changing or the use of separate words. In Persian, such grammatical relations are mainly stated by dependent words, detached from the predicate; Persian, therefore, is analytic in verb inflection. The present study investigates the way of conveying grammatical relations of verb in Persian based on Role and Reference Grammar (Van Valin, 2005). In Role and Reference Grammar, the predicate of a clause is comprised of one of three nexus types: coordination, co-subordination or subordination. Considering the analytic nature of Persian in terms of conveying the verb’s grammatical relation, in this study, verb formation is studied at the level of nuclear juncture according to Role and Reference Grammar.
Shahnaz Yeganeh
Abstract
Phonological awareness refers to a child’s skill of identifying and changing the components of speech which is represented by the writing system. Many of the studies indicate that phonological awareness is an important element in learning writing. Scripts in which the representation between script ...
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Phonological awareness refers to a child’s skill of identifying and changing the components of speech which is represented by the writing system. Many of the studies indicate that phonological awareness is an important element in learning writing. Scripts in which the representation between script and pronunciation is predictable are transparent scripts, such as Turkish, Italian and Spanish, and scripts in which this representation is unpredictable, such as English, French and Arabic, are blurred scripts. The aim of this research is to achieve a better understanding of the performance of native normal and dyslexic Persian-speaking children through phonological awareness tests and spelling based on the transparency of the Persian script. Therefore, the effect of two variables, that is the level of phonological awareness and transparency of script, on normal and dyslexic children’s writing process was studied, and the findings were compared to those of other studies in this area. In this research, the performance of 10 male native Persian-speaking children (with an average age 9.2 years), diagnosed and under instruction as developmentally dyslexic individuals, was compared to that of 20 male normal native Persian-speaking children (with an average age 9.2 years), who were under instruction in normal schools. The analysis of the resulting data showed that dyslexic children had poorer performances in almost all tests compared to normal children. Results related to the effect of script transparency were consistent with the hypothesis which depended on the script, that is to say performing on phonological awareness tests for blurred words was more difficult for both groups compared to their performances regarding transparent words. Only in the test of producing rhyming words were the performances of the two groups opposite each other, that is normal children produced more blurred rhyming words, and dyslexic children produced a higher number of transparent rhyming words. Since the highest number of normal children’s mistakes in the spelling test were related to phonetic errors, and the highest number of dyslexic children’s mistakes in this test were related to non-phonetic errors, these findings are consistent with the hypothesis of phonological defect.
Ebrahim Badakhshan; Mohammad Zamani
Abstract
In this paper, the aim is to analyze and describe the process of glide formation in Kurdish (Kalhori dialect) using optimality theory of concurrency approach. It will be shown in this paper that, contrary to many languages such as the languages of Niger-Congo in which the [REL-const] constraint is high-ranking ...
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In this paper, the aim is to analyze and describe the process of glide formation in Kurdish (Kalhori dialect) using optimality theory of concurrency approach. It will be shown in this paper that, contrary to many languages such as the languages of Niger-Congo in which the [REL-const] constraint is high-ranking in the order of constraints, this constraint is of a low rank in the Kalhori dialect. It will be also shown that glide formation in Kurdish can be applied to non-high vowels such as /e/, as well as high vowels. Therefore, the raising of V1 for glide formation in the Kalhori dialect, contrary to many world languages, is not a fundamental and determining condition. It will also be shown that the condition of raising for the output of the phonological device is not rigid, that is the output from the phonological device of this dialect can be, in its own specific condition and position, raised, such as /y/, or non-high, such as /Y/.
Rahele Gandomkar
Abstract
Format-based semantics was first proposed by Charles Fillmore after putting forward the notion of ‘format’ (1977a, 1977b, 1985, 1987) as a perspective in the framework of semantics. Fillmore, in this lexical approach, uses the term format as a method for semantically analyzing natural language. ...
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Format-based semantics was first proposed by Charles Fillmore after putting forward the notion of ‘format’ (1977a, 1977b, 1985, 1987) as a perspective in the framework of semantics. Fillmore, in this lexical approach, uses the term format as a method for semantically analyzing natural language. The author of the present paper, using many examples of standard Persian, evaluates efficiency of this theory in Persianto determine its comprehensiveness with a language which has not been the subject of Fillmore’s research. The results from this evaluation show that Fillmore, contrary to the original claim of cognitive semantic scholars, has sought representative image formation in proposing his theory. Not only most Persian verbs have not been predicted in many of the instances of Fillmore’s formats, many formats have been merged. The lack of efficiency of this theory, at least in Persian , results from neglecting the fact that when we see something in the outside world, we enter it into Persian based on how we have understood it. Our understanding of the representations around us determine what sentences we bring into the language. It does not seem suitable nor correct to reach a specific format based on a few elements in a given image.
Sepideh Abdolkarimi
Abstract
The present research is a semantic review which has been conducted with the aim of semantically reviewing Persiansimple verbs and their corresponding compound ones in order to find out which of the synonymies which form the foundation of this research, namely, propositional, descriptive and partial, ...
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The present research is a semantic review which has been conducted with the aim of semantically reviewing Persiansimple verbs and their corresponding compound ones in order to find out which of the synonymies which form the foundation of this research, namely, propositional, descriptive and partial, exist between these verbs. In this review, the author’s treatment of simple and compound verbs is explained, and, afterwards, different types of correspondence between simple and compound verbs is introduced. After a brief discussion about synonymy and its three types, the author will attempt to define, by reasoning and using examples, which of the three types of synonymy exist between Persiansimple and compound verbs. In order to achieve this aim, simple verbs with compound correspondents, which comprise the main body of the review, are chosen from the eight-volume Sokhan Dictionary. By reviewing these verbs, all of which have been provided in the appendix, it has been determined that partial synonymy cannot be found between the above-mentioned verbs but propositional and descriptive synonymy exists between them. The results of the present research can be beneficial for optimized instruction regarding semantics and teaching Persianto non- Persianspeakers.
Ali Sabonchi
Abstract
The Guide to Middle Iranian Inscriptions (Pahlavi-Parthi) is the result of the efforts of Dr. Saeed Arian, which has recently been reprinted in the collection of ancient scientific publications. This book, which was published earlier in 2012 by the Cultural Heritage Organization's Department of Introduction ...
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The Guide to Middle Iranian Inscriptions (Pahlavi-Parthi) is the result of the efforts of Dr. Saeed Arian, which has recently been reprinted in the collection of ancient scientific publications. This book, which was published earlier in 2012 by the Cultural Heritage Organization's Department of Introduction and Education, is one of the few books in Persian that specifically explores the Western Middle Iranian inscriptions, and among these few books, it is written in a more scientific and accurate way.
