Linguistics
Saeed Labbafan; Mohammad Dabirmoghaddam
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is providing a grammatical description of the agreement system in Khaniki language, based on empirical data. This variant belongs to South-Western Iranian languages. This language, as well as many other Iranian languages, is an endangered language. This language is spoken ...
Read More
The main purpose of this study is providing a grammatical description of the agreement system in Khaniki language, based on empirical data. This variant belongs to South-Western Iranian languages. This language, as well as many other Iranian languages, is an endangered language. This language is spoken in the village [xɑnik], locally called [xunek]. In this paper, the description of the agreement types has been done based on Comrie (1978). In the descriptions, it will eventually turn out that Khaniki has grammaticalized a split alignment system sensitive to grammatical features of 'tense', 'aspect', 'person' in verbs and also the 'semantic feature of the subject'. In clauses containing «+present» verbs, whether transitive or intransitive, the agreement system will be 'Nominative-Accusative' and in clauses containing «+past», «+perfect», «+third person», and «+psyche» verbs, whether transitive or intransitive, the agreement system will be Non-'Nominative-Accusative'. In the 'Nominative-Accusative' system, subjects are always marked by inflectional agreement suffixes appended to verbs and in the Non-'Nominative-Accusative' system, which can be sub-divided to a neutral or tri-oblique type in this language, oblique agreement clitics will mark A, S, and O.
Linguistics
Reza Sahraee; Hossein Bazoubandi; Hamed Mowlaei Kuhbanani
Abstract
In order to strengthen the scientific register of Persian language, word selection for the scientific terms of foreign languages and accurate knowledge of word-formation mechanisms in this register and its capacities are of considerable importance. Few statistical and corpus-based researches have been ...
Read More
In order to strengthen the scientific register of Persian language, word selection for the scientific terms of foreign languages and accurate knowledge of word-formation mechanisms in this register and its capacities are of considerable importance. Few statistical and corpus-based researches have been conducted on the word formation processes of the approved terms of the Academy of Persian Language and Literature. One of the fields not comprehensively addressed so far is the field of transportation within its four main fields. Therefore, the present research, using a descriptive-analytic method, is a comparative study of the word-formation processes of the approved terms of the Academy and their English equivalents in the four fields of transportation (intra-city road, marine, rail and air transport) in the first eight books, including 2929 Persian terms and 2929 English terms (5858 words in total). The results show the dominant word-formation processes in the Academy's words in the field of transportation are respectively compounding (11.77%), compound-derivative (6.69%) and derivation (4.06%). Also, less than one percent of the corpus is formed using other word-formation processes. Moreover, 73.36% of words are the result of syntactic structure and 3.14% are used as simple words. By contrast, the dominant word-formation processes of the English equivalents are respectively compound-derivative (39.56%), compounding (32.57%) and derivation (5.87%); Less than 5% of all English words are made by using the processes of abbreviation, clipping and blending. In addition, in English language, 10.03% of the data are syntactic structures and 2.7% of the words are simple words.
Linguistics
Abstract
Textbooks and teaching materials have high-priority in foreign language teaching and they provide a curriculum-based framework for teachers.Since language teachers are faced with a myriad of resources when choosing, they must systematically evaluate them so that they can decide on the most appropriate ...
Read More
Textbooks and teaching materials have high-priority in foreign language teaching and they provide a curriculum-based framework for teachers.Since language teachers are faced with a myriad of resources when choosing, they must systematically evaluate them so that they can decide on the most appropriate textbook to suit the needs of their language learners. What is remarkable in this regard is that today with the expansion of Persian language teaching to non-Persian speakers, the number of audiences and those interested in learning the Persian language is increasing, several books and educational resources have been provided to achieve this goal; accordingly, the evaluation of Persian language teaching resources also helps Persian language teachers in choosing the correct and appropriate educational materials. In this regard, the present study tried to learn to evaluate the Persian educational collection (Zolfaghari et al., 2002) using the evaluation checklist of the book Mokandan and Nimehchi Salem (2015) from the point of view of Persian language teachers. Based on this checklist, 19 teachers evaluated the "Farsi Biyamuzim" educational series and a semi-structured interview was conducted with 5 teachers. The results of this study showed that this educational complex, although it is currently being taught in many Persian language teaching centers and is evaluated at a relatively good level in terms of educational content from the perspective of teachers, also faces shortcomings and limitations that the author of this research offers suggestions for improving the visual and content quality of this collection.
Linguistics
Mahsa Sadeghi
Abstract
Metaphors have a very essential role and importance in the system of the human mind and cognition. From the very beginning of the outbreak of the Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) to the present day, metaphors have played a significant role in the conceptualization of this illness and related issues. The ...
Read More
Metaphors have a very essential role and importance in the system of the human mind and cognition. From the very beginning of the outbreak of the Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) to the present day, metaphors have played a significant role in the conceptualization of this illness and related issues. The aim of the present research is to investigate the metaphorical conceptualizations of Corona in the news headlines of domestic Persian-language media. The research data include 220 metaphorical expressions in the headlines extracted from the websites of four news agencies including Fars, ISNA, Tasnim, and Mehr. The Data were analyzed within the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff, 1987, 1993; Lakoff & Johnson, 1980, 1999) and the theory of image schemas (Johnson, 1987; Lakoff, 1987). The results show that the metaphors used to conceptualize the Corona can be divided into two main categories: Metaphors based on image schemas and metaphors separate from image schemas. In the formation of first metaphors, force schema plays a major role and can manifest as the schemas of war, natural forces, and football. In the formation of the second category of metaphors, the source domains of humans and animals as well as domains such as fire, shadow, and vehicle play a major role.
fatameh nosrati mumvandi; Reza Morad Sahraei; Hayat Ameri; Abbas Ashrafi
Abstract
The present study aims at studying radial network of the five words "Lesan, Qara, Khataba, Samea, and Kataba" based on cognitive semantics. Likewise, determining frequency of usage of radial meanings and prototypical meaning of the given word in two translations of Quran by Foladvand and Qomshei and ...
Read More
The present study aims at studying radial network of the five words "Lesan, Qara, Khataba, Samea, and Kataba" based on cognitive semantics. Likewise, determining frequency of usage of radial meanings and prototypical meaning of the given word in two translations of Quran by Foladvand and Qomshei and two interpretations of Al-Mizan and Nemoneh is another purpose of the article. To determine the radial meanings and prototypical meaning of the given word, Tyler and Evans (2001)’s criteria were used. The analysis showed that the tools such as metonymy, metaphorical expansion and image schema play the main role in expanding the prototypical meaning of the given word; and meanwhile metaphorical expansion plays the main role in expanding the prototypical meaning. Additionally, it was found that in the translations and interpretations, there is a relative balance between usage of prototypical meaning and radial meanings of the words; although in some words this balance does not fit.
Linguistics
Masood Ghayoomi; Shayan Mohseni Khorrami; Atena BakhshiZadeh Gashti
Abstract
Dialectology is a major research topic for a long time to find the dialects’ geographical distribution and to classify dialects to develope the atlas of dialects. In this field, one can use computer’s capabilities to store and to organize information, to find similarities between dialects, ...
Read More
Dialectology is a major research topic for a long time to find the dialects’ geographical distribution and to classify dialects to develope the atlas of dialects. In this field, one can use computer’s capabilities to store and to organize information, to find similarities between dialects, to visualize the isoglosses on a geographic map, and the like. The common property of these studies is that a full text is not used and the studies are mostly limited to questionnaires containing a few key words or phrases.Another useful aspect of using computers in dialectology is processing the dialectic data and automatically annotating this data. In the current research, in addition to preparing a dialectic corpus containing full texts for the Gilaki dialect, we put an effort to prepare a language model to annotate the data at two levels, namely part-of-speech and lemmatization. Since there is no annotated training data for making the Gilaki language model, we manually annotate the developed corpus and then create a statitical language model. To show the quality of the developed language model, the available data is divided into two sets, namely as training and test data, and we will evaluate the model using the 5-point cross-evaluation method. According to the experimental results, the performances of the models for lemmatization and part-of-speech tagging of the Gilaki dialect are 91.20% and 90.79%, respectively.
Linguistics
Zahra Hajiali; foroogh kazemi; Maryam Iraji
Abstract
The concept of isomorphism in Persian, from the perspective of linguistic typology, holds significant importance. This study investigates the paradigmatic isomorphism of syntactic polysemy in the preposition "az" within Persian proverbs. It seeks to answer the following questions: How can syntactic ...
Read More
The concept of isomorphism in Persian, from the perspective of linguistic typology, holds significant importance. This study investigates the paradigmatic isomorphism of syntactic polysemy in the preposition "az" within Persian proverbs. It seeks to answer the following questions: How can syntactic polysemy in paradigmatic isomorphism within Persian proverbs be explained based on linguistic typology? How do the principles of iconicity and economy interrelate with the preposition "az" from this perspective? Initially, the preposition is analyzed concerning form-meaning correspondence through the lens of isomorphism, followed by an evaluation of its connection to the principle of economy. The data comprises Persian proverbs containing this preposition, selected from the book Famous Iranian Proverbs (containing 1,700 proverbs), and analyzed through a library-based approach. The results reveal that "az" encompasses a continuum of meanings, including: cause and reason, spatial source, temporal source, starting point and trajectory, origin and foundation, agent (instrumental) and agent (actor), Given the main keywords in polysemy (related meanings), the evidence from the analyzed proverbs confirms an iconic relationship between form and meaning. The preposition "az" elucidates the form-meaning connection in a manner that is both iconic and economical. Thus, the interplay of the principles of economy and iconicity manifests in paradigmatic isomorphism, reflecting the polysemous nature of the preposition "az" in Persian proverbs. This finding provides a foundation for future similar research. The outcomes of this research are particularly valuable for typologists, linguists, researchers of Persian language and literature, and language educators.
Linguistics
tahereh khoshdell; Mohammad Amin Nasseh
Abstract
Children with hearing impairments face challenges in processing phonemes of words, which hinders their reading and writing skills. The inadequate development of phonemic awareness is due to the inability of children with hearing loss to fully grasp phonemic distinctions. This study examined the effectiveness ...
Read More
Children with hearing impairments face challenges in processing phonemes of words, which hinders their reading and writing skills. The inadequate development of phonemic awareness is due to the inability of children with hearing loss to fully grasp phonemic distinctions. This study examined the effectiveness of a phonological program on the phonemic awareness performance and reading skills of cochlear implant students. The present research was designed as a single-subject A-B study with a one-month follow-up period. The statistical population consisted of cochlear-implant students in Birjand elementary schools, from which four second-grade students were selected as the sample. Phonemic awareness was assessed using the Soleimani and Dashtjerdi (2010) phonemic awareness test and the "Nama" reading test, with three stages of evaluations conducted before the intervention, during the intervention, and in the one-month follow-up period. The intervention involved a 13-session individual training program. The effectiveness of the educational program was determined according to single-subject research analysis methods using descriptive statistics and calculating the percentage of improvement for each subject at multiple baseline points. The findings indicated an increase in the participants' scores during the intervention phase, and stability of the intervention was maintained during the follow-up phase. Consequently, the results showed a positive effect of phonological instruction on the reading skills and phonemic awareness of cochlear implant students. Future collaborative research involving linguists and therapists in the field of hearing impairment is recommended to construct and standardize assessments for various linguistic skills, and reading abilities, as well as to develop educational programs.
Shahla Sharifi; Narjes Banou Sabouri
Abstract
This study done within the sensory linguistics framework, aims at determining the rate of linguistic encodings of hearing sense in comparison to taste sense across three lexical categories; noun, adjective and verb, in the New Persian language. . It’s a qualitative, data- based research done by ...
Read More
This study done within the sensory linguistics framework, aims at determining the rate of linguistic encodings of hearing sense in comparison to taste sense across three lexical categories; noun, adjective and verb, in the New Persian language. . It’s a qualitative, data- based research done by descriptive -analytical method. The research data was gathered from Great Sokhan dictionary which is one of the latest monolingual dictionaries of Persian and mostly comprehensive. All the nouns, adjectives and verbs related to hearing and taste senses were extracted and the frequency of each lexical category for each sense was determined and compared. Then the findings of this study were compared to the findings of Winter and Strik Lievers’ (2018) research in English. The results showed that the total rate of hearing linguistic encodings is a little more than twice of the taste sense ones. Also, the total number of verbs in hearing sense was ten times more than the verbs in the tase sense, which is along with the Winter and Strik Lievers’ view, but the number of nouns in the taste sense in the Persian data was a little more than the number of nouns in the hearing sense, though the distance was not meaningful. Comparing the result of Persian data to the English revealed there was a similarity between the linguistic encodings of the hearing sense across three lexical categories in these two languages but they are not the same regarding the taste sense.
Linguistics
Mousa Abdollahi; mohammad jamalzad
Abstract
In this article, an attempt has been made to study Persian language teaching in Russian educational institutions. The purpose of this study is to identify common mistakes among Russian language learners in order to correct them. The present study shows that language interference is very effective in ...
Read More
In this article, an attempt has been made to study Persian language teaching in Russian educational institutions. The purpose of this study is to identify common mistakes among Russian language learners in order to correct them. The present study shows that language interference is very effective in learning Persian language among Russian students. There are many phonetic, written and spoken errors that are due to the interference of grammatical and phonological principles of Persian and Russian languages. Of course, this interference affects mostly the fields of phonetics, writings and grammar. Knowing the grammatical, written and phonological categories of Persian language that make it difficult for Russian students can be helpful in facilitating education. Overcoming these difficulties requires understanding the obstacles ahead. Questionnaires, oral interviews and audio recordings were used to collect data. The results of the studies showed that It was also found in the review of the training books used that these resources need to be seriously reviewed.
Linguistics
Neda Haghighi Saber; Mandana Nourbakhsh; Azita Abbassi; Mahdieh Karami
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to identify active brain regions during the auditory processing of various morphological forms of nouns in Persian and to examine the effect of the plural morpheme in this procedure. This study was designed to address these questions: Which brain regions are activated ...
Read More
The main objective of this study was to identify active brain regions during the auditory processing of various morphological forms of nouns in Persian and to examine the effect of the plural morpheme in this procedure. This study was designed to address these questions: Which brain regions are activated during the auditory processing of simple and non-simple nouns in Persian? How does the presence or absence of plural inflectional morphemes influence the activated regions? This study involved 20 healthy, right-handed native Persian speakers with an average age of 30.8 years. The participants are asked to listen to a block-design task, including 12 auditory-only stimuli lasting 20s each, with a 5-second rest between them. The distribution of the target words in each block was randomized, and the words were presented in the same order for all participants. The structural images were obtained using a 3D T1-MPRAGE sequence, and the functional images were acquired using EPI. The analysis was performed using GLM and SLA. The results indicated that the activated regions in simple nouns corresponded to motor areas, in derivation nouns to complex language processing areas, and in compound nouns to areas associated with emotional and cognitive functions. The processing of data related to derivation and compound nouns was observed across widespread brain regions, encompassing both language-processing regions and memory-related areas. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that Persian plural suffixes lead to an extensive activation and an increase in z-score. Thes changes are more prominent in areas associated with cognitive and language processing.
Linguistics
Mandana Nourbakhsh
Abstract
This study examines the effect of stress as a prosodic factor and phonetic context as a segmental factor on the Voice Onset Time (VOT) of Persian oral stops and affricates (/b, p, d, t, ɟ, c, ɢ, ʤ, ʧ/). The VOT of these consonants was analyzed in nine different phonetic contexts and under two stress ...
Read More
This study examines the effect of stress as a prosodic factor and phonetic context as a segmental factor on the Voice Onset Time (VOT) of Persian oral stops and affricates (/b, p, d, t, ɟ, c, ɢ, ʤ, ʧ/). The VOT of these consonants was analyzed in nine different phonetic contexts and under two stress conditions—stressed and unstressed—in 135 Persian words. The phonetic contexts studied included word-initial, inter-vocalic, post-voiceless fricative, post-voiced fricative, post-voiceless stop, post-voiced stop, post-/ɹ/, and pre-/ɹ/. The data were recorded in a controlled laboratory setting by 12 native speakers of Standard Persian and analyzed using Praat software. Statistical analysis of the results was conducted using R software .The findings indicate the significant role of phonetic context in systematic VOT variation. Additionally, the results show that stress had no significant effect on the VOT of voiced stops and affricates, but it was found to be an influencing factor for voiceless stops and affricates. In this case, the VOT of unstressed syllables was shorter than that of stressed syllables. However, in instances where both factors (phonetic context and stress) had an effect, statistical analysis revealed that the impact of phonetic context was far greater than that of stress.
Linguistics
raheleh gandomkar; omid pahlevanneshan
Abstract
Within the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory, metaphor is considered not merely a rhetorical device but a fundamental mechanism in human thought and perception, through which abstract concepts, including illness, become comprehensible via more concrete domains. HIV/AIDS, as a complex and multilayered ...
Read More
Within the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory, metaphor is considered not merely a rhetorical device but a fundamental mechanism in human thought and perception, through which abstract concepts, including illness, become comprehensible via more concrete domains. HIV/AIDS, as a complex and multilayered phenomenon with biological and socio-cultural dimensions, is an abstract concept whose public understanding is significantly influenced by metaphorical language. This study, employing a cognitive semantics approach within cognitive linguistics, analyzes conceptual metaphors related to HIV/AIDS in Persian-language media discourse. The data comprise 2700 metaphorical expressions extracted from Jame Jam and Hamshahri newspapers (2006-2023). Qualitative data analysis was conducted using Lakoff and Johnson's (1980) Conceptual Metaphor Theory, Kövecses's (2005) views on metaphor in culture, universals, and variations, and Sontag's (1989) critical approach to illness-related metaphors like those for cancer and AIDS. Findings indicate that this illness is primarily conceptualized through ontological metaphors, which constitute the highest frequency (74%, 1987 instances) among the three types of conceptual metaphors based on their cognitive function: ontological, structural, and orientational. Additionally, six macro-metaphors with source domains "Human," "Object," "Property," "Force," "Phenomenon," and "Mythical Creature" were identified, among which the macro-metaphor "Phenomenon" holds the highest frequency (45.93%, 1240 instances). Persian-language media have often presented threatening images of HIV/AIDS, playing a significant role in reproducing negative stereotypes and contributing to stigma and discrimination. Reviewing the metaphorical language used in the media can be effective in reducing social stigma, enhancing public awareness, and providing a more realistic portrayal.
Linguistics
Sadegh Hemmati
Abstract
Qashqai Turkic is one of the southwestern (Oghuz) Turkic languages in Iran, which has undergone profound changes at all language levels as a result of intense and long-term contact with Persian. This study investigates the changes that have occurred as a result of this contact in the strategies of combining ...
Read More
Qashqai Turkic is one of the southwestern (Oghuz) Turkic languages in Iran, which has undergone profound changes at all language levels as a result of intense and long-term contact with Persian. This study investigates the changes that have occurred as a result of this contact in the strategies of combining clauses in the structure of complex sentences. These changes include changes in the strategies of coordination, as well as subordination strategies in relative, complement and adverbial clauses. In this study, by investigating and analyzing a written corpus consisting of seven story books, in addition to determining the change cases, an attempt has been made to quantify their extent and progress by quantitatively examining them, and the results of previous research in this field are re-evaluated. The theoretical framework used in this research is the code-copying model introduced by Lars Johanson and used in many researches related to contact linguistics in Turkic languages.
Linguistics
Mojdeh Parsa kia
Abstract
Conditional constructions are linguistic expressions in which the occurrence of a phenomenon or situation is subject to the occurrence of another phenomenon or situation. This type of construction has different tense patterns regarding its semantic features. This study was conducted to explain the representation ...
Read More
Conditional constructions are linguistic expressions in which the occurrence of a phenomenon or situation is subject to the occurrence of another phenomenon or situation. This type of construction has different tense patterns regarding its semantic features. This study was conducted to explain the representation of Aspect and Mood and the relationship between them in Persian conditionals. In the present study, the approaches of Comrie (1976) and Palmer (2001) were applied to establish mood and aspect, and Possible World Typology of Conditionals, as put forward by Declerck and Reed (2001), to investigate the semantic classification of conditions. The corpus included 540 conditional constructions extracted from a total of 5 works of contemporary novelists. Analysis of Persian conditional constructions showed that grammatical aspect often appears in the secondary role and function as a mood in such constructions. Further, expression of the unreality of the conditional clause in most conditionals is established through subjunctive mood.
Linguistics
Enayat Rahman Mayar
Abstract
This article investigates the passive structure of Pashto language, Pashto language has passive structure which has various structural similarities with the passive structure of Persian language. This article initially discusses the recognition and explanations of passive structure provided from the ...
Read More
This article investigates the passive structure of Pashto language, Pashto language has passive structure which has various structural similarities with the passive structure of Persian language. This article initially discusses the recognition and explanations of passive structure provided from the grammarian and linguists of Pashto language. Whereas the languages of the world make passive structures in different ways which we can divide them into “analytical passive” and “morphological passive”. In Pashto language the passive structures are made with helping verbs, therefore, it is a kind of analytical passive. The common pattern for passive structure in Pashto language are the helping verbs (بودن, شدن). In addition, the main verb in the process of changing active structure into passive structure appear in the forms of adjective and past participle. The subject of the sentence usually eliminates while changing from active into passive structure, but we can mention that as a “combination tool” which may have the function of the “lost role”. The object of the sentence in passive structure moves into a syntactic subject, and the verb appears in the superstructure as an essence; which has past participle form in the “unambiguous passive structure” and it is eliminated for the purpose of contraction.
Linguistics
noorahman naseh
Abstract
Abstract
All languages of the world have passive construction that behaves differently in the process of passive formation. One kind of passive construction observed in the world's languages is analytical that Iranian languages usually utilize it to construct passive construction. Pashai language, ...
Read More
Abstract
All languages of the world have passive construction that behaves differently in the process of passive formation. One kind of passive construction observed in the world's languages is analytical that Iranian languages usually utilize it to construct passive construction. Pashai language, which is one of the Eastern Iranian languages, has an analytical passive construction. Keenan and Dreyer (2007) divided the auxiliary verbs of passive construction into four types. This article investigates the passive construction in Pashai language in terms of structure and lexicon. In Pashai language, the typical pattern for passive construction is similar to the pattern for the auxiliary verbs /biʈʃæ/ and bitek; the former is used for the feminine grammatical subject and the latter for the masculine grammatical subject and the direct object. It becomes a grammatical subject, the subject is lost or deleted, and the verb turns to past participle form. There is another pattern of passivization in Pashai language, which is examined in the second part of this article under the title of lexical and semantic passive; that is, the kind of passive construction in which the passivization process does not work regularly. The method used in this article is obvious and explicit; the text of Pashai language is not only written in their phonological forms but, to avoid problems analyzing the data, the examples are also translated into Persian.
Linguistics
Ismatullah Miakhil
Abstract
The paṢto/ Pashto language is classified as a (subject-object-verb) or (SOV) language, and it is one of the post-position languages. This language is lexical-based in independent, coordinating, and dependent clauses (subject-object-verb). Pashto is spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan and even in India. ...
Read More
The paṢto/ Pashto language is classified as a (subject-object-verb) or (SOV) language, and it is one of the post-position languages. This language is lexical-based in independent, coordinating, and dependent clauses (subject-object-verb). Pashto is spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan and even in India. It is the official and national language of Afghanistan. Most people of Afghanistan (63%) speaks Pashto.
Pashto is one of the Eastern Iranian languages in which, like other languages of the world, the conditional clause appears before the main clause in conditional sentences. Sometimes in special and emphatic cases, the conditional clause can come after the main clause. In Pashto language, conditional device (kӘ) can appear in the beginning of the first clause and in the second place of the first clause or in the beginning of the second clause.
Conditional sentence structure, which are compound sentences in Pashto, include a subordinate clause (conditional clause) that usually comes before the main clause.
As its name implies, the two clauses are joined by a conditional device (kӘ). This (kӘ) comes at the beginning of the subordinate clause. Sometimes (kӘ) in the conditional clause is accompanied with (no) or (xo) devices, but more often they appear in the beginning of conditional sentences. In conditional sentences, (Če) device can also mean (kӘ).
Linguistics
Mahrokh Shojaei
Abstract
Behdini dialect is one of the central dialects of Iran as well-known as Dari. This dialect has two varieties, Yazdi and Kermani. The current paper focused on the Yazdi dialect as one of the rarely survived dialects of its ancient group. In the present research, the verbal system in Behdini Mahlati dialect ...
Read More
Behdini dialect is one of the central dialects of Iran as well-known as Dari. This dialect has two varieties, Yazdi and Kermani. The current paper focused on the Yazdi dialect as one of the rarely survived dialects of its ancient group. In the present research, the verbal system in Behdini Mahlati dialect of Yazd checked out. Semi-structured interviews and indirect elicitation techniques were two parts of the data gathering method,, and all sentences were recorded, analyzed, and studied gathered from informants aged 21 to 70, of a corpus of 11500 words. Different sentences for each verb were registered to show the example of using each verb. The results show that this dialect uses specific clitics to form the agreements between Noun Phrase and verbs; makes various tenses. Behdini Mahlati dialect is also an instance of dialects that retained split ergativity in the past tense of transitive verbs in their verbal system.
Linguistics
Mostafa Barzegar
Abstract
What language is has been one of the most problematic questions in both science and philosophy for millennia. A detailed scientific answer to this question matters greatly as it is sometimes claimed that what makes us human is language. It is widely held that language is a communication system but there ...
Read More
What language is has been one of the most problematic questions in both science and philosophy for millennia. A detailed scientific answer to this question matters greatly as it is sometimes claimed that what makes us human is language. It is widely held that language is a communication system but there is compelling evidence available suggesting that the language design favors computational efficiency over communicative efficiency in every case known. The present work attempts to show that despite prevailing beliefs, communicative concerns cannot be a factor in language design. Instead, by providing a biolinguistic and minimalist framework within which a myriad of Persian constructions are analyzed (e.g. minimal structural distance versus minimal linear distance, the subjacency condition and island violations, structural ambiguities, the copy theory of movement and extraposition), it attempts to show that language is essentially an instrument of thought and that syntax, the most powerful engine of the language faculty (FL), evolved very suddenly and abruptly in evolutionary timeline and therefore not a succession to animal communication system.
Linguistics
Mohammad Dabirmoghaddam; Sedigheh Khademi; Fereshteh Momeni
Abstract
Incoherent speech is considered one of the main characteristics of schizophrenic patients. In this research, 11 schizophrenic patients and 11 healthy individuals were compared using the experiential metafunction in Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar. Transitivity is a very important concept in ...
Read More
Incoherent speech is considered one of the main characteristics of schizophrenic patients. In this research, 11 schizophrenic patients and 11 healthy individuals were compared using the experiential metafunction in Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar. Transitivity is a very important concept in the experiential metafunction, which is examined with the processes in the discourse, i.e. material, mental, relational, behavioral, verbal, existential. To collect data, we used The Persian Aphasia Battery, western aphasia battery, Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination, the story “Frog, where are you?” and questions such as “Tell one of your good and bad memory, Talk about Nowruz, etc.” SPSS software was used for data analysis. The results showed that in the discourse of schizophrenic patients and healthy people, the material, relational, mental, verbal, existential and behavioral processes had the highest frequency, respectively. Also, there were significant differences between the discourses of both groups in terms of the application of the six processes. Based on gender variable, only the use of relational process was different between men and women. Based on education variable, only the use of verbal and relational processes was different. According to the findings of this research, the discourse of schizophrenic patients is different from the discourse of healthy people in terms of the situational context and cultural context. Schizophrenic patients usually create the connection of participants/process/circumstantial adjuncts in a very special way, which shows that the reality is perceived or constructed in an unconventional way.
Linguistics
Fatemeh Rasooli Danesh
Abstract
Researchers have studied mood and modality in Persian in various aspects. However, mood and modality may not be sufficiently examined in the discursive context. This article endeavors to investigate mood and modality in contexts, and elaborate on the linguistic factors that create modal meaning. To do ...
Read More
Researchers have studied mood and modality in Persian in various aspects. However, mood and modality may not be sufficiently examined in the discursive context. This article endeavors to investigate mood and modality in contexts, and elaborate on the linguistic factors that create modal meaning. To do so, it brings up examples from Goli Taraghi’s short stories. It explains mood and modality as means for discourse analysis, and manifests how they can reveal the identity and values of speakers or writers.The discursive context is highlighted to determine modal meanings. Mood and modality is to transfer a speaker’s attitude toward propositions. Although modals are emerged from morpho-syntactic structures, the context plays a major role in determining the modal meaning. Three layers determine the modal meaning: the systematic meaning of the modal, the modal contextual meaning in combination with other sentence constituents, and the pragmatic and interpersonal meaning which depends on linguistic and non linguistic elements and politeness.
Linguistics
Hossein Raeesi
Abstract
Stylistic devices are highly used to write interesting news headlines. However, a review of literature shows that very few studies have been conducted on their usage in a sport context. Therefore, this study has sought to investigate the stylistic devices used in the Iranian sport newspaper headlines. ...
Read More
Stylistic devices are highly used to write interesting news headlines. However, a review of literature shows that very few studies have been conducted on their usage in a sport context. Therefore, this study has sought to investigate the stylistic devices used in the Iranian sport newspaper headlines. To do so, a total of 185 headlines containing stylistic devices from eight sport newspapers collected during a three-month period were classified according to Leigh’s (1994) Model. According to the findings of the study, the two stylistic devices allusion and pun together accounted for over half of the total number. Also, personification, paradox, repetition, and quotation were found to be the least used devices. The findings also indicated that though stylistic devices have served aesthetic functions and have caused the written language to become much closer to colloquial speech, they are sometimes found to be difficult to understand, requiring background knowledge on the readers’ part.
Linguistics
Raziyeh Gholipour Hafshejani
Abstract
Abstract
Theoretical foundation of systemic functional grammar as a general and corpus-based theory concentrates on function and meaning and also focuses on text and the use of language in context. This theory should be applicable to all languages and linguistic works. In this grammar all our inner ...
Read More
Abstract
Theoretical foundation of systemic functional grammar as a general and corpus-based theory concentrates on function and meaning and also focuses on text and the use of language in context. This theory should be applicable to all languages and linguistic works. In this grammar all our inner and outer experiences could be represented by experiential meta-function and its process through transitivity system. This article is a stylistic investigation of the verbs, the process types, and relative frequency of them in dramatic texts. The present study indicates how this theory is capable of analyzing and interpreting dramatic texts stylistically and examining the role of language in dramatic structure. In this study, the authors analyze five famous contemporary Persian plays by transitivity system within the framework of SFG. We consider the frequency and percentage of process types in each play as a stylistic parameter which shows unique structural features of dramatic texts and stylistic features of each play and playwright.
Linguistics
Masood Ghayoomi; Lili Nezami
Abstract
The development of information technology and its integration with natural language have made it possible to understand and generate linguistic content in an algorithmic manner. The existence of different research groups and their usage of different data and processing algorithms have made the results ...
Read More
The development of information technology and its integration with natural language have made it possible to understand and generate linguistic content in an algorithmic manner. The existence of different research groups and their usage of different data and processing algorithms have made the results obtained from the tools not comparable. To address this shortcoming, in this article an attempt has been made to develop a benchmark corpus that is based on the approved Persian Orthography Rule to be used for evaluating the performance of Persian editing tools.In the current research, after examining the approved Persian Orthography Rule, the proposed rules are divided into eight main categories. Then, a dataset of about 98000 words is collected and compared with the rules in two genres, namely scientific and news. A fraction of the words of this data is marked based on the eight categories; and the evaluation of the models is limited to these marked words only. In the current study, the performance of five editing tools, namely ViraVirast, FarsiYar, Virastman, Paknevis, and Gagool, is compared. Comparing the performance of the tools with the gold standard data, it is concluded that Paknevis has the highest performance with an average of %74.07 in the two scientific and news genres, and Gagool has the lowest performance with an average of %21.83 based on the approved Persian Orthography Rule. Finally, the performance of the tools is compared with each other in the eight categories to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the tools.
