نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 عضو هیات علمی گروه زبانشناسی و مطالعات ترجمه دانشگاه ولیعصر (عجل االله فرجه) رفسنجان

2 دانشیار گروه زبان‌شناسی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی تهران

چکیده

چگونگی تولید صحیح صورت‌های زبانی در کودکانی که هنوز قادر به درک صحیح آنها نیستند، در سال‌‌های اخیر کانون توجه بسیاری از زبانشناسان و به­ویژه روانشناسان زبان بوده و به‌عنوان پرسش اصلی در پژوهش حاضر مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. این پژوهش با رویکردی توصیفی ـ تحلیلی، تلاشی است جهت شناساندن شیوه‌ای تبیینی پیرامون مسألۀ عدم تقارن میان درک و تولید گفتار. از میان تبیین‌های متأخر، «نظریۀ بهینگی دوسویه»، از توانی بالقوه در تبیین عدم تقارن‌ها برخوردار است که از دیگر تبیین‌ها معتبرتر می‌نماید. باوجوداین، فرض عمدة پژوهش حاضر این است که این نظریة تقریباً قوی با چالش‌های عمده‌ای روبروست که اعتبار آن را زیر سؤال می‌برد. برای اثبات این ادعا، دربارة چنین مسائلی بحث شده است: نبود یک مفهوم یا سامانه واحد از بهینگی دوسویه، سردرگمی پیرامون فرایند انسداد، عدم توافق در مورد نحوة مرتبه‌بندی و نوع و تعداد محدودیت‌ها در حیطه یک موضوع خاص برای تبیین عدم تقارن مزبور، شفاف نبودن رویکرد اتخاذی در مورد پردازش درک («از بالا به پایین» یا از «پایین به بالا» بودن). نتایج پژوهش حاکی از این است که نظریۀ بهینگی دوسویه به دلیل مسائل مذکور، همانند دیگر رویکردهای موجود در این حوزه، قادر نیست به­لحاظ نظری و روش‌شناختی، مسأله‌ای مهم چون عدم تقارن میان درک و تولید گفتار را تبیین نماید.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Asymmetry in Children’s Linguistic Production and Comprehension: A Review and Criticism of Bidirectional Optimality Theory

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hossein Bazoubandi 1
  • Mahinnaz Mirdehghan 2

1 Assistant Professor of Linguistics, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Iran

2 Associate Professor of Linguistics, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran;

چکیده [English]

It is quite evident that children are capable to understand meanings which they are unable to produce correctly. Recent studies have also provided evidence that children occasionally produce correct forms that they do not understand yet. The present study seeks to focus on the question of “how is it possible for children to produce correct forms that are not yet understood by them?” This question has recently came into the sharp focus of linguistics and psycholinguistics studies, and various explanations have been proposed thereof. Using a descriptive-analytic method, this paper aims to identify these studies and the explanations in which the asymmetry between linguistic production and linguistic comprehension have been dealt with. Among later explanations, the Bidirectional Optimality Theory (BOT) shows some potentiality in dealing with the asymmetry between these two dimensions and it seems more valid than other explanations accordingly. Nevertheless, the main hypothesis of the present research states that this almost strong theory also faces major challenges which question its validity. To support the claim, the paper indicates the following challenges: a) absence of a single concept about bidirectional optimality; b) confusion as to blocking process; c) disagreement over the way of ranking, type and number of constraints on a specific subject; and d) lack of transparency in adopting an appropriate comprehension model (e.g., top-down or bottom-up). As a result, BOT, like other approaches in the field, is not able to explain this asymmetry adequately in terms of theory and methodology.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Asymmetry in Linguistic Production and Comprehension
  • Linguistic Constraints
  • Ranking
  • Direction-Sensitive Grammar
  • Bidirectional Optimality Theory
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